Naval/Maritime History 19th of April - Today in Naval History - Naval / Maritime Events in History

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Today in Naval History - Naval / Maritime Events in History
12 February 1988 – Cold War: The 1988 Black Sea bumping incident: The U.S. missile cruiser USS Yorktown (CG-48) is intentionally rammed by the Soviet frigate Bezzavetnyy in the Soviet territorial waters, while Yorktown claims innocent passage.


The Black Sea bumping incident of 12 February 1988 occurred when American cruiser USS Yorktown tried to exercise the right of innocent passage through Soviet territorial waters in the Black Sea during the Cold War. The cruiser was bumped by the Soviet frigate Bezzavetny with the intention of pushing Yorktown into international waters. This incident also involved the destroyer USS Caron, sailing in company with USS Yorktown and claiming the right of innocent passage, which was intentionally shouldered by a Soviet Mirka-class frigate SKR-6. Yorktown reported minor damage to its hull, with no holing or risk of flooding. Caron was not damaged.

At the time, the Soviet Union recognized the right of innocent passage for warships in its territorial waters solely in designated sea lanes. The United States believed that there was no legal basis for a coastal nation to limit warship transits to sea lanes only. Subsequently, the U.S. Department of State found that the Russian-language text of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, Article 22, paragraph 1 allowed the coastal state to regulate the right of innocent passage whenever necessary, while the English-language text did not. Following the incident, the Soviet Union expressed a commitment to resolve the issue of innocent passage in Soviet territorial waters.


Soviet frigate Bezzavetny (right) bumping USS Yorktown

Background
In 1979, the United States launched an informal program to promote the "rights and freedoms of navigation and overflight guaranteed to all nations under international law." The US government said that it initiated the program because some countries were beginning to assert jurisdictional boundaries beyond traditional claims. The United States wished to stop this and, it said, diplomatic protests had seemed to be ineffective. A new customary international law could emerge if nations avoided operating their ships and aircraft in the disputed areas, and the US saw this as undesirable.

In the 1980s, US warships were passing through the straits from the Mediterranean into the Black Sea two or three times a year to "show the flag" and to claim the right of innocent passage in the coastal states. Aside from the right of free passage, US naval activity in the Black Sea served the purpose of upholding US rights under the 1936 Montreux Convention Regarding the Regime of the Straits. According to a US government official, "the Dardanelles and the Bosporus form an international waterway" under that convention and "if you don't periodically reaffirm your rights you find that they're hard to revive."

Meanwhile, "The Rules of Navigation and Sojourn of Foreign Warships in the Territorial Waters and Internal Waters and Ports of the USSR," enacted by the Soviet Council of Ministers in 1983, acknowledged the right of innocent passage of foreign warships only in restricted areas of the Soviet territorial waters in the Baltic, Sea of Okhotsk and the Sea of Japan; no sea lanes for innocent passage in the Black Sea were designated. The Soviet vessels and aircraft were routinely dispatched to observe US warships there. In the 1980s, the Soviet Union viewed the US presence in the Black Sea as an attempt to undermine improving Soviet–American relations.

After the 1986 incident in the Black Sea, involving USS Yorktown and USS Caron, a meeting of the Soviet Defence Council was held later in the same year. At the meeting, the Commander-in-Chief of the Soviet Navy Vladimir Chernavin offered to Mikhail Gorbachev, Defense Minister Sergey Sokolov, Foreign Minister Eduard Shevardnadze, and other senior officials that intruding foreign warships could be driven from Soviet waters by several means including bumping.


Soviet frigate SKR-6bumping USS Caron

Incident
On 12 February 1988, the Ticonderoga-class cruiser USS Yorktown, and the Spruance-class destroyer USS Caron, conducted an innocent passage exercise in the Black Sea. Caron passed 7.5 mi (12.1 km) off the Soviet shore, and Yorktown drew to 10.3 mi (16.6 km) offshore. The commander of the Black Sea Fleet Mikhail Khronopulo received an order from Chernavin to curb the passage of US warships. Initially the destroyer Krasnyy Kavkaz was tasked with confronting them, but she experienced technical problems so Bezzavetnyy, a Krivak-class frigate, was dispatched instead. However, according to Bezzavetny's commander, Captain Vladimir Bogdashin, his ship had two cruise missiles instead of four, was half the size of Yorktown, and was only a third its size by displacement. The Soviet frigate SKR-6, commanded by Captain Anatoliy Petrov, was approximately one quarter the size of USS Caron.

First, Caron was approached by the frigate SKR-6, and three minutes later, Yorktown was approached by the frigate Bezzavetnyy, while Tupolev Tu-16 bombers monitored the vessels' movements. As the US warships clipped a corner of the Soviet territorial waters, they were bumped. At 10:02 a.m, local time, 44°15.2′N 33°35.4′E, 10.5 nautical miles (19.4 km; 12.1 mi) from the coast, SKR-6 bumped the port side aft of Caron at frame about 60 feet (18 m) from the bow. Caron received superficial scraping of paint, with no personnel injuries. Bezzavetnyy, having bumped Yorktown, was ordered to move away and not to contact her again.

Both US warships stayed on even course after the incident. Caron left Soviet territorial waters at 11:50 a.m. local time without further incident.

Both US warships reported the incident to the commander in chief of United States naval forces in Europe. Caron reported that, at 13:20 local time, it was informed on channel 16 VHF by Bezzavetnyy: "Soviet ships have orders to prevent violation of territorial waters, extreme measure is to strike your ship with one of ours." The reply of Caron was "I am engaged in innocent passage consistent with international law." Yorktown, in its report stated that on 9:56, local time, it was contacted by Bezzavetnyy via channel 16 and told to leave Soviet territorial waters or "our ship is going to strike on yours." Then, according to the report, Bezzavetnyy came alongside port side of Yorktown at 10:03 and bumped it by turning into the ship.

The starboard anchor of Bezzavetnyy was torn away. Two Harpoon missile canisters on Yorktown sustained damage when Bezzavetnyy's bullnose passed down port quarter. Bezzavetnyy then cleared to port and took station 300 yd (270 m) off the port beam of Yorktown. Bezzavetnyy required a minor repair.

Response
The Soviet Ministry of Defense issued a statement blaming the U.S. warships for ignoring the "warning signals of Soviet border guard ships" and for "dangerously maneuvering in Soviet waters". The incident also drew a diplomatic protest from the U.S. government.

These incidents were covered in the annual review of compliance with the US/Soviet Agreement On the Prevention of Incidents On and Over the High Seas signed on 25 May 1972.



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1988_Black_Sea_bumping_incident

 

[Uwek]

Today in Naval History - Naval / Maritime Events in History
Other Events on 12 February


1540 – Birth of Won Gyun, Korean general and admiral (d. 1597)

Won Gyun (Korean: 원균, hanja:元均 ; 12 February 1540 – 27 August 1597) was a Korean general and admiral during the Joseon Dynasty. He is best known for his campaigns against Japanese during Hideyoshi's invasions of Korea. Won was a member of Wonju Won family, which was well known for its members' military accomplishments. He was born in 1540 near Pyeongtaek and demonstrated his skill as warrior at a young age. He was qualified as a military officer and was first assigned to the northern border to defend against the Jurchens, who frequently raided Korean villages. Won led many successful campaigns with Yi Il and Yi Sun-sin against the Jurchens. After considerable accomplishments on the northern frontier, he was promoted to admiral in 1592 and sent to the southern coast of Gyeongsang Province to command the province's Western Fleet, along with Yi Sun-sin, who became admiral before Won and took command of Jeolla Province's Eastern Fleet. At the time, Won and Yi were cavalry leaders who had no experience with naval warfare.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Won_Gyun


1753 – Birth of François-Paul Brueys d'Aigalliers, French admiral (d. 1798)

Vice-Admiral François-Paul Brueys d'Aigalliers, Comte de Brueys (February 12, 1753 – August 1, 1798) was the French commander in the Battle of the Nile, in which the French Revolutionary Navy was defeated by Royal Navy forces under Admiral Horatio Nelson. The British victory helped to ensure their naval supremacy throughout the Napoleonic Wars. He was also a Freemason in the La Bonne Foi lodge at Montauban.



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/François-Paul_Brueys_d'Aigalliers


1810 – Launch of Earl of Lonsdale at Whitehaven - She sailed as West Indiaman.

Earl of Lonsdale was launched at Whitehaven in 1810. She sailed as West Indiaman. She next made one voyage to the East Indies in 1814, and then returned to the West Indies trade. A gale at Jamaica in October 1815 destroyed her.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earl_of_Lonsdale_(1810_ship)


1855 - The clipper ship Guiding Star was lost with all hands, 481 passengers and 62 crew, during late February 1855. The ship was last spotted on February 12 in the southern Atlantic Ocean and was heading into an area where large icebergs had been seen. At the time of her loss she was transporting immigrants form Great Britain to Australia

Owned by Miller & Thompson (Golden Line), Liverpool and built in 1853 by W. & R. Wright, St. John, Nova Scotia; 2,013 tons; 233x38x22.1 ft; The large clipper GUIDING STAR, owned by Miller & Thompson's Golden Line completed her first round trip to Melbourne in 1854. On January 9th 1855, GUIDING STAR departed Liverpool to Australia with 62 crew and officers and 481 passengers on board, mostly emigrants. She was insured for £12,000, a huge amount at that time. She was last seen in the Southern Ocean by the American Ship MERCURY, on 12th February 1855. On 19th February, large icebergs were seen and narrowly avoided by the ship GEORGE MARSHALL, on the same route of GUIDING STAR, which at that time was about 36 hours behind the George Marshall. Ever since never was heard of the Guiding star. It is thought that she was embayed in a huge icefield that had boundaries extending from 44°S-28°W to 40°S-20°W. Many emigrant ships, including the GUIDING STAR promised a fast passage and they did that by going as far as possible South to catch up with favourable winds towards Australia. Read more at wrecksite:

https://www.wrecksite.eu/wreck.aspx?131797


1861 – Launch of HMS Bristol, the name ship of her class of wooden screw frigates built for the Royal Navy during the 1860s

Bristol was 250 feet (76.2 m) long between perpendiculars and 214 feet 7 inches (65.4 m) at the keel. She had a beam of 52 feet (15.8 m), a draught of 18 feet 10 inches (5.7 m) at deep load and a depth of hold of 18 feet 8 inches (5.7 m). The ship's tonnage was 3,027 26⁄94 tons burthen and Bristol displaced 4,023 long tons (4,088 t). The ship had a crew of 550 officers and ratings.



She had a horizontal, two-cylinder, single-expansion steam engine, built by Robert Napier and Sons, that drove a single propeller shaft using steam that was provided by four boilers. The engine produced 2,088 indicated horsepower (1,557 kW) which gave the ship a maximum speed of 11.8 knots (21.9 km/h; 13.6 mph) under steam. To improve her sailing qualities, the propeller could be hoisted into the hull.

Bristol was initially equipped with thirty ML eight-inch (203 mm) smoothbore muzzle-loading guns (SBML) of 65 hundredweight on her gundeck. These guns were designed specifically to fire the latest exploding shells, unlike the traditional solid cannonballs. On her upper deck were twenty 32-pounder SBML guns that weighed 56 hundredweight and a single 68-pounder SBML gun on a pivot mount. In January 1868, the ship was rearmed with 10 eight-inch shell guns and a dozen rifled, muzzle-loading 64-pounder guns on the gundeck. Four more 64-pounders were mounted on the upper deck.

'An analysis of ship air and its effect' was made and reported during a four months' voyage (July to November 1871) from the Cape of Good Hope to England. This gives an insite to the conditions on board and concludes 'Seamen, as a body, are neither healthy nor long lived, but the reverse. This is proved, first, by their low average age, said to be 33'. A description of the ship layout is also given, the upper tier contained the Main deck, Upper, Half deck, Study, Mess room & Main deck cabins. Middle tier contained the Lower deck, Steerage, Ward room, Chest (cadets' sleeping)room and steerage cabins Do., & Pantry. The Lowest tier Stokehole, Engine room, Screw alley, Cockpit, Store room & Cells. It also states the ship had four boilers

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Bristol_(1861)
https://collections.rmg.co.uk/colle...l-1015896;browseBy=vessel;vesselFacetLetter=B


1895 The ending of the Battle of Weihaiwe (January 20 - February 12, 1895)

The Battle of Weihaiwei (Japanese: Ikaiei-no-tatakai (威海衛の戦い) was a battle of the First Sino-Japanese War. It took place between 20 January and 12 February 1895 in Weihai, Shandong Province, China between the forces of the Japan and Qing China. In early January 1895, the Japanese landed forces in eastern Shandong positioning forces behind the Chinese naval base at Weihaiwei. Through a well coordinated offensive of both naval and land forces, the Japanese destroyed the forts and sank much of the Chinese fleet. With the Shandong and Liaoning peninsulas under Japanese control, the option for a pincer attack against the Chinese capital, Beijing, was now a possibility. This strategic threat forced the Chinese to sue for peace and led to the war's end in April 1895.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_Weihaiwei


1907 paddle steamer Larchmont sank off Block Island, Rhode Island

Larchmont – On 12 February 1907, the paddle steamer Larchmont sank off Block Island, Rhode Island after colliding with the schooner Harry Knowlton. About 150 of the people 200 aboard were lost.



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_maritime_disasters_in_the_20th_century#cite_note-33


1935 - USS Macon (ZRS 5) crashes into the sea off Point Sur, Calif., after encountering a storm that tears off her upper fin, effectively ending the Navy's trouble-plagued rigid-airship program.

The USS Macon (ZRS-5) was a rigid airship built and operated by the United States Navy for scouting and served as a "flying aircraft carrier", designed to carry biplane parasite aircraft, five single-seat Curtiss F9C Sparrowhawk for scouting or two-seat Fleet N2Y-1 for training. In service for less than two years, in 1935 the Macon was damaged in a storm and lost off California's Big Sur coast, though most of the crew were saved. The wreckage is listed as the USS Macon Airship Remains on the U.S. National Register of Historic Places.



Less than 20 ft (6.1 m) shorter than Hindenburg, both the Macon and "sister ship" the USS Akron (ZRS-4) were among the largest flying objects in the world in terms of length and volume. Although both of the hydrogen-filled, Zeppelin-built Hindenburg and the LZ 130 Graf Zeppelin II were longer, the two American-built sister naval airships still hold the world record for helium-filled rigid airships.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Macon_(ZRS-5)


1945 - USS Hawkbill (SS 366) sinks the small Japanese cargo vessel Kisaragi Maru and the two large boats she is towing, at Lombok Strait, N.E.I.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Hawkbill_(SS-366)


1947 - The first launch of a guided missile, the Loon, takes place on board USS Cusk (SS 348).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/USS_Cusk_(SS-348)

 

[Uwek]

Today in Naval History - Naval / Maritime Events in History
13 February 1707 – Launch of HMS Colchester, a 50-gun fourth rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy


HMS Colchester was a 50-gun fourth rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, built at Deptford Dockyard and launched on 13 February 1707.

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She underwent a rebuild at Chatham according to the 1719 Establishment, and was relaunched on 26 October 1721. Colchester served until 1742, when she was broken up


Scale: 1:48. Plan showing the body plan, sheer lines with some inboard detail, and longitudinal half-breadth proposed (and approved) for Colchester (1721), a 1719 Establishment, 50-gun Fourth Rate, two-decker. The plan was proposed by Benjamin Rosewell as a rebuild of the previous Colchester (1707).


The 1719 Establishment was a set of mandatory requirements governing the construction of all Royal Navy warships capable of carrying more than 20 naval long guns. It was designed to bring economies of scale through uniform vessel design, and ensure a degree of certainty about vessel capability once at sea, and was applied to all vessels from the first-rate to the fifth-rate. Once in effect, it superseded the 1706 Establishment, which had specified major dimensions for ships of the second-rate, third-rate and fourth-rate only.



The new Establishment in 1719 was not simply limited to specifying the overall dimensions of each type of warship, but now set out in great detail other factors used in constructing the ship, down to the thickness of timbers ("scantlings") used in construction and planking.

The Establishment adopted in 1719 was subject to substantial revisions in both 1733 and 1741, although on neither occasion was the 1719 Establishment replaced. A new Establishment was finally adopted in 1745.

Before the 1745 centralised all design work in the office of the Surveyor of the Navy, the design of every vessel was the responsibility of the Master Shipwright in the dockyard in which that vessel was built; thus ships built to one Establishment has to conform to the dimensions and other measurements specified by that Establishment, but were to varying designs and therefore did not constitute a "class" in the modern use of the term. The exception to this was when ships were built under contract by commercial shipbuilders, for which a common design was prepared by the Surveyor and copies sent to the shipbuilder for execution; this only applied to some of the two-decker ships and smaller vessels (all three-deckers were built or rebuilt in the Royal Dockyards), and was almost exclusively a wartime occurrence.





Scale: 1:48. A Navy Board full hull model of a 50-gun, small two-decker (circa 1725). The model is decked and equipped and includes launching flagpoles. It is based on the 1719 Establishment for ships of this type (see SLR0415), but its dimensions represent a ship two feet longer than usual. This might imply this model was one in a series made for design purposes.


Background
When the 1706 Establishment had been introduced, British naval architecture had entered a period of highly conservative stagnation. The Establishments were intended to create standardisation throughout the fleet, in part to reduce the cost of maintaining Britain's large navy. The side effect was to almost completely eliminate any design innovation until the abolition of the Establishments in the early 1750s.

When King George I ascended the throne in 1714, thus beginning the Hanoverian dynasty in Great Britain, the main institutions of the Royal Navy — the Board of Admiralty and the Navy Board — underwent the typical reorganisations associated with a change of régime. While the Admiralty became a much more political body, the Navy Board became populated by men who had learnt their trade during the formative years of the Establishment system. A very significant factor in the formation of the 1719 Establishment and its subsequent longevity is that the period of 1714—1739 was the most peaceful of the 18th Century.

A further contributory factor was the introduction of a new Establishment of Guns in 1716. Previously, gun establishments had catered for each ship, as there were often differences between ships of the same nominal size that would affect the armament they could carry. The 1716 gun establishment was intended to overturn that situation, so that all ships of a particular type (for example, 70 gun ships) would carry the same armament. The Navy Board highlighted the fact that there were still several ships in service that were physically incapable of carrying the prescribed armament, either due to the number and disposition of gunports, or to sturdiness of build. Essentially, however, the Navy Board resolved to undertake the task of having all ships rebuilt to common designs to facilitate the new gun establishment.

1719 arrangements
The new Establishment of dimensions, finalised in December 1719, was significantly more detailed than its predecessor. The 1706 Establishment had sought to constrain only the basic dimensions (gundeck length, keel length, breadth, and depth in the hold), whereas the 1719 Establishment detailed everything from the keel length to the thickness of planks on each deck. The new Establishment was also expanded in scope to include first rates, the dimensions for which were to be based upon HMS Royal Sovereign. In the other direction the new Establishment expanded down to include the sixth rates and the smaller (30-gun) fifth rates, so that all ships with 20 guns or more were covered. The dimensions for other ship types were adjusted according to experience with ships built to the 1706 Establishment

Fourth rates of 50 guns
The 1716 Establishment of Guns for the smaller fourth rates had replaced the 12-pounder guns on their lower deck by 18-pounders, and the 6-pounders on their upper decks by 9-pounders; at the same time, it removed four of the smaller (6-pounder) guns from the quarterdeck, turning them from 54 to 50 guns. The 1719 Establishment revised the dimensions of these ships as shown in the adjacent table.

Fourteen vessels were rebuilt to this specification between 1718 and 1732 - the Falkland, Chatham, Colchester, Leopard, Portland, Lichfield, Argyll, Assistance, Romney, Oxford, Greenwich, Falmouth, Salisbury and Newcastle.








Scale: 1:60. A Navy Board full hull model of a fourth rate, 50-gun, two-decker (circa 1720). The model is decked and equipped and has rigging. This model represents the smallest of the vessels used in the line of battle, like the ‘Falkland’ (SLR0414), although they were mainly used in escort duties. Fourteen ships were built to the dimensions of the 1719 Establishment, including the ‘Greenwich’, which was launched at Chatham in 1731 and lost in a hurricane off Jamaica in 1744. They were 134 feet long, 26 feet broad, weighed 755 tons burden, and had a full complement of 300 men. They carried twenty-two 18-pound guns on their gun decks, twenty-two 9-pounders on their upper decks, four 6-pounders on their quarterdecks and two 6-pounders on their forecastles.





Scale: 1:64. A contemporary full hull model of a 50-gun small two-decker (circa 1725) built plank on frame in the Navy Board style. The model is decked, equipped and mounted on its original gilt metal crutches. Even at this rather unusually small scale, the model is highly detailed and complete with both carved and painted gilt decoration. It represents a ship measuring 137 feet along the gun deck by 36 feet in the beam and an approximate tonnage of 755 burden. These dimensions conflict with the two establishments of 1719 and 1733 and therefore the model was probably made as a proposal. The 50-gun ship originated from the pre-commonwealth frigates of the 17th century and later played a crucial role in the development of both the battleship and frigates well into the 19th century. During the 18th century these small two-deckers gradually moved away from the battlefleet role to the heavy cruiser role ideally suited for the special conditions of the colonial warfare during the American Revolution. It was later employed as a peacetime flagship before playing a major role in leading small craft in anti-invasion operations during the Napoleonic Wars.



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Colchester_(1707)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1719_Establishment
https://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/81605.html
https://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections.html#!csearch;searchTerm=1719_Establishment_50

 

[Uwek]

Today in Naval History - Naval / Maritime Events in History
13 February 1718 – Birth of George Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney, English admiral and politician (d. 1792)


George Brydges Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney, KB (bap. 13 February 1718 – 24 May 1792), was a British naval officer. He is best known for his commands in the American War of Independence, particularly his victory over the French at the Battle of the Saintes in 1782. It is often claimed that he was the commander to have pioneered the tactic of "breaking the line".


Admiral Rodney after the Battle of the Saintes, 1782, by Thomas Gainsborough. Behind is the French fleur de lys naval ensign from the captured Ville De Paris

Rodney came from a distinguished but poor background, and went to sea at the age of fourteen. His first major action was the Second Battle of Cape Finisterre in 1747. He made a large amount of prize money during the 1740s, allowing him to purchase a large country estate and a seat in the House of Commons of Great Britain. During the Seven Years' War, Rodney was involved in a number of amphibious operations such as the raids on Rochefort and Le Havre and the Siege of Louisbourg. He became well known for his role in the capture of Martinique in 1762. Following the Peace of Paris, Rodney's financial situation stagnated. He spent large sums of money pursuing his political ambitions. By 1774 he had run up large debts and was forced to flee Britain to avoid his creditors. He was in a French jail when war was declared in 1778. Thanks to a benefactor, Rodney was able to secure his release and return to Britain where he was appointed to a new command.

Rodney successfully relieved Gibraltar during the Great Siege and defeated a Spanish fleet during the 1780 Battle of Cape St. Vincent, known as the "Moonlight Battle" because it took place at night. He then was posted to the Jamaica Station, where he became involved in the controversial 1781 capture of Sint Eustatius. Later that year he briefly returned home suffering from ill health. During his absence the British lost the crucial Battle of the Chesapeakeleading to the surrender at Yorktown.

To some Rodney was a controversial figure, accused of an obsession with prize money and nepotism. This was brought to a head in the wake of his taking of Saint Eustatius for which he was heavily criticised in Britain. Orders for his recall had been sent when Rodney won a decisive victory at the Battle of the Saintes in April 1782, ending the French threat to Jamaica. On his return to Britain, Rodney was made a peer and was awarded an annual pension of £2,000. He lived in retirement until his death in 1792.





The moonlight Battle off Cape St Vincent, 16 January 1780 by Francis Holman, painted 1780, shows the Santo Domingo exploding, with Rodney's flagship Sandwich in the foreground.


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Brydges_Rodney,_1st_Baron_Rodney

 

[Uwek]

Today in Naval History - Naval / Maritime Events in History
13 February 1720 - HMS Blandford launched


HMS Blandford, launched 13.th February 1720, a 20-gun frigate, was one of the first ships of all together 22 frigates which were built based on the so called 1719 Establishment


Scale: 1:48. A Georgian full hull model of a sixth-rate sloop (circa 1730). The model is decked. The initials ‘GR’ appear on the stern. Twenty ships were made in the style of the 1719 Establishment. They were 106 feet long with a beam of 30 feet. They weighed 428 tons burden and had a complement of 140 men. They carried twenty 6-pound guns. Around 1730 two ships (the ‘Sheerness’ and the ‘Dolphin’) were built to a modified design, being 2½ feet longer than their predecessors. This was an intermediate stage in the development of the 1773 Establishment 20-gun ships, which were of a similar size but with a heavier burden.


Detailed information as well as the Book Review of the Anatomy of the Ship book you can find here:

https://shipsofscale.com/sosforums/...frigate-based-on-the-1719-establishment.2848/



https://threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_ship&id=7498

 

[Uwek]

Today in Naval History - Naval / Maritime Events in History
13 February 1745 - HMS Orford was a 70-gun third-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, wrecked


HMS Orford was a 70-gun third-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, launched at Deptford in 1698. She carried twenty-two 24-pounder guns and four (18-pounder) culverins on the lower deck; twenty-six 12-pounder guns on the upper deck; fourteen (5-pounder) sakers on the quarter-deck and forecastle; and four 3-pounder guns on the poop or roundhouse.



In 1704, during the War of the Spanish Succession, Orford served in Admiral Sir George Rooke's fleet in the Mediterranean; she was present as a member of the naval bombardment force at the Capture of Gibraltar. Shortly thereafter, at the Battle of Malaga, commanded by Captain John Norris, Orford was a member of the vanguard division of Rooke's fleet under Admiral Sir Cloudesley Shovell and Vice-Admiral John Leake; all these officers but the latter, who himself became First Lord of the Admiralty in 1710, were future admirals of the fleet.

In 1707, she belonged to Admiral Shovell's fleet. She saw action during the unsuccessful Battle of Toulon and was present during the great naval disaster off the Isles of Scilly when Shovell and four of his ships (Association, Firebrand, Romney and Eagle) were lost, claiming the lives of nearly 2,000[3] sailors. Orford suffered little to no damage and finally managed to reach Portsmouth.

She was rebuilt for the first time according to the 1706 Establishment at Limehouse, relaunching on 17 March 1713. She underwent a second rebuild in 1727.[2]

In 1718 she was present at the Battle of Cape Passaro, and in 1736 she brought John Harrison and his first marine clock back from Lisbon.

Orford was wrecked on 13 February 1745 in the Windward Passage, though all her crew were saved.



Scale 1:48. A contemporary full hull block model of the ‘Orford’ (circa 1698), a 70-gun two-decker third rate ship. The model is painted showing the upper and lower wales in black, the bulwark screens are a dark blue with a buff beading leading from the waist towards the stern. The only decoration on the model appears on the stern and quarter galleries which have been painted onto what looks like a layer of card and applied to the hull. The figurehead has been represented by a flat wooden outline while the headrails of the bow have been omitted for clarity to allow for inspection of the hull and shape of the bow. The model is mounted on an original wooden baseboard supported by two keel blocks at bow and stern, and brass rods amidships. It is likely that this model was made for the rebuilt of the 'Orford' in 1713.



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Orford_(1698)
https://collections.rmg.co.uk/collections/objects/66344.html

 

[Uwek]

Today in Naval History - Naval / Maritime Events in History
13 February 1779 – Launch of French Jason, 64 gun Caton-class at Toulon – Captured by the British in the Caribbean on 19 April 1782 and added to the RN as HMS Argonaut, sold February 1831.


HMS Argonaut was a 64-gun third rate ship of the line, in Royal Navy service during the French Revolutionary Wars and the American Revolution. Launched in 1779 as the French ship Jason, she was captured by the British in 1782 and commissioned by them in the same year. After active service against the French, she was converted to a hospital ship in 1804 and permanently moored off Chatham Dockyard.

Argonaut was removed from navy service in 1828 and broken up in 1831.



French Revolutionary War
On 8 January 1795, while under the command of Captain Alexander John Ball she captured the French Republican warship Esperance on the North America Station. Esperance was armed with 22 guns (4 and 6-pounders), and had a crew of 130 men. She was under the command of Lieutenant de Vaisseau De St. Laurent and had been out 56 days from Rochfort, bound for the Chesapeake. Argonaut shared the prize money with Captain Robert Murray's HMS Oiseaux.

The French ambassador to the United States registered a complaint with the President of the United States that Argonaut, by entering Lynnhaven bay, either before she captured Esperance or shortly thereafter, had violated a treaty between France and the United States. The French also accused the British of having brought Esperance into Lynnhaven for refitting for a cruise. The President passed the complaint to the Secretary of State, who forwarded the complaint to the Governor of Virginia. The Governor inquired into the matter of the British Consul at Virginia. The British Consul replied that the capture had taken place some 10 leagues off shore. The weather had forced Argonaut and her prize to shelter within the Chesapeake for some days, but that they had left as soon as practicable. Furthermore, Argonaut had paroled her French prisoners when she came into Lynnhaven and if had entered American territorial waters solely to parole her French prisoners no one would have thought that objectionable. The authorities in Virginia took a number of depositions but ultimately nothing further came from the matter.

Because she was captured in good order and sailed well, Rear Admiral George Murray, the British commander in chief of the North American station, put a British crew aboard and sent Esperance out on patrol with Lynx on 31 January.

On 3 August 1795, Argonaut captured the ship Anna.

Fate
Argonaut was placed on harbour service in 1797, and eventually broken up in 1831.


Scale: 1:48. Plan showing the body plan, stern board outline with decoration details, sheer lines with inboard detail, and longitudinal half-breadth for Argonaut (captured 1782), a captured French Third Rate, as fitted as a 64-gun Third Rate at Plymouth Dockyard. The ship was surveyed in early February 1783, and then underwent a small repair until July 1783. Reverse: Scale: 1:96. Plan showing the quarterdeck and forecastle, upoper deck, gun deck (lower deck), and orlop deck for Argonaut (captured 1782), a captured French Third Rate, as fitted as a 64-gun Third Rate.


Caton class, design by Antoine Groignard

Caton 64 (launched July 1777 at Toulon) – Captured by the British in the Caribbean on 19 April 1782, and added to the RN as HMS Caton, sold February 1815.

Jason 64 (launched 13 February 1779 at Toulon) – Captured by the British in the Caribbean on 19 April 1782 and added to the RN as HMS Argonaut, sold February 1831.


Scale: 1:48. Plan showing the quarterdeck and forecastle, upper deck, lower deck, and orlop woith fore & aft platforms, and inboard profile to the waterline for Argonaut (captured 1782), a captured French Third Rate, as converted at Chatham Dockyard and fitted as an Hospital Ship. Tthe ship was fitted again as an Hospital Ship in 1804, and a note on the plan records a Warrant dated 2 July 1817 being sent to add Jalousies [louvres] to the ports for the comfort of the patients, on the recommendation of Rear Admiral Rowley. Signed by Edward Sison [Master Shipwright, Chatham Dockyard, 1795-1801]


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Argonaut_(1782)
https://collections.rmg.co.uk/colle...el-292464;browseBy=vessel;vesselFacetLetter=A
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_ship_Caton_(1777)

 

[Uwek]

Today in Naval History - Naval / Maritime Events in History
13 February 1782 – Launch of HMS Atlas, a 98-gun Duke-class second-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy,


HMS Atlas was a 98-gun second-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, launched on 13 February 1782. She was a Duke-class ship of the line built at Chatham Dockyard by Nicholas Phillips.



For some of the period between 1798 and 1802, she was under the command of Captain Theophilus Jones. In 1802 she was reduced to a 74-gun ship.

She participated in the naval Battle of San Domingo on 6 February 1806, when she suffered eight killed and 11 wounded. Her captain was Samuel Pym, who had joined her the year before.

In 1808, while off Cadiz and serving as the flagship of Rear Admiral Purvis, she came under fire from French batteries on many occasions. In all, she lost about 50 men killed and wounded. She was responsible for the destruction of Fort Catalina.

Atlas was fitted as a temporary prison ship at Portsmouth from 1813 to 1814. She then spent some months as a powder magazine. She was finally broken up in 1821.


Scale 1:48. Plan showing the body plan, sternboard with decoration detail, sheer lines with inboard detail and figurehead, and longitudinal half-breadth for 'Atlas' (1782), a 90-gun Second Rate, three-decker, as built at Chatham Dockyard.


Scale 1:48. Plan showing the body plan, sheer lines with stern quarter decoration, and longitudinal half breadth proposed for 'Atlas' (1782), a 90-gun Second Rate, three-decker. The plan includes pencil alterations dated 1802 for cutting down 'Atlas' and 'Glory' (1788), to 74-gun Third Rate, two-deckers. Signed by John Williams [Surveyor of the Navy, 1765-1784].


Scale 1:48. Plan showing a section through the lower deck illustrating the bunks, and the lower deck plan for cabins and bunks for an unnamed convict ship. The plan was thought to relate to 'Atlas' (1782) and 'Atlas' (fl.1802). However the dimensions do not tally with her.


The Duke-class ships of the line were a class of four 98-gun second rates, designed for the Royal Navy by Sir John Williams.

Ships

• HMS Duke

Builder: Plymouth Dockyard
Ordered: 18 June 1771
Launched: 18 October 1777
Fate: Broken up, 1843

• HMS Glory

Builder: Plymouth Dockyard
Ordered: 16 July 1774
Launched: 5 July 1788
Fate: Broken up, 1825

• HMS St George

Builder: Portsmouth Dockyard
Ordered: 16 July 1774
Launched: 14 October 1785
Fate: Wrecked, 1811

• HMS Atlas

Builder: Chatham Dockyard
Ordered: 5 August 1777
Launched: 13 February 1782
Fate: Broken up, 1821


The 98-gun, second-rate three-decker, 'St George', is shown here under easy sail with two other large vessels beyond her in the middle distance. Many other ships are visible in the distance, across the width of the picture. The wind is blowing from viewer's left, raising a choppy sea under a striking cloudscape, which takes up much of the canvas above the low-set sea horizon, probably intended as the English Channel. The 'St George' is seen in starboard-quarter view under topsails and fore-course, as is the ship to her right. The foremast of the ship on the left cannot be seen but her canvas otherwise conforms with the other two. All three have their main courses loose at the bunt and ready to let go, with figures in the rigging, especially of the ship on the right. The 'St George' flies the flag if a vice-admiral of the red at the fore and she and her consort to the right fly Union jacks at the bow. All three ships fly red ensigns but the 'St George' has hers flying alongside a blue one and a seaman standing at her main-topmast head who is holding out a white swallowtail pendant. Alongside him a shipmate is standing on the topmast cap. Another seaman clinging to the starboard fore-topsail yardarm similarly holds out a red swallowtail pendant. This unusual combination of flags and the crowded cutter approaching in the right centre foreground, suggests this may be a scene of welcome, with 'St George' about to shift her colours on the arrival of a new flag-officer. The cutter is in port view from abaft the beam, close-hauled on the port tack. She flies a naval pendant and a waving figure stands above the crowd in her, silhouetted against the foot of the mainsail. In the left foreground a gaff-rigged schooner, in port view, close-hauled on the starboard tack and flying a naval pendant, is sailing out of the composition. The 'St George' was launched at Portsmouth Dockyard in 1785. She served at the siege of Toulon in 1793 and was Nelson's flagship in the Copenhagen campaign of 1801, although (because of her draught) he shifted his flag into the smaller 'Elephant' for the Battle of Copenhagen itself. In 1811, while flagship in the Baltic, the 'St George' was driven ashore and dismasted on Zealand but was refloated. She then sailed for England under jury rig and rudder but, on the way, another storm wrecked her on the North Sea coast of Jutland, Denmark, on Christmas Eve of that year with the loss of all but six of her crew. Serres was a well-born Frenchman from Gascony who ran away to sea in merchant service rather than follow family wish that he enter the Church. He probably arrived in England as a naval prisoner of war, took up painting and settled there. His early paintings show the influence of Brooking and Monamy's interpretations of Dutch art but he rapidly achieved recognition for his more documentary visual accounts of sea actions of the Seven Years War, 1756-63, becoming established as England's leading marine painter. His work was even more in demand in the 1770s and 1780s, recording the naval history of the War of American Independence. In 1768 Serres was a founder member of the Royal Academy and at the end of his life its librarian. A well-respected and sociable man, he was appointed Marine Painter to George III in 1780. The painting is signed and dated, 'D. Serres 1787'.



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Atlas_(1782)
https://collections.rmg.co.uk/colle...el-293473;browseBy=vessel;vesselFacetLetter=A
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duke-class_ship_of_the_line

 

[Uwek]

Today in Naval History - Naval / Maritime Events in History
13 February 1797 – Launch of HMS Cambrian, a Royal Navy 40-gun fifth-rate frigate.


HMS Cambrian was a Royal Navy 40-gun fifth-rate frigate. She was built and launched at Bursledon in 1797 and served in the English Channel, off North America, and in the Mediterranean. She was briefly flagship of both Admiral Mark Milbanke and Vice-Admiral Sir Andrew Mitchell during her career, and was present at the Battle of Navarino. Cambrian was wrecked off the coast of Grabusa in 1828.



Design
Ordered on 30 April 1795, Cambrian was designed by Sir John Henslow and built by George Parsons of Bursledon. She represented the first attempt to design a frigate that would carry 24-pounder guns and was one of several designs the Admiralty ordered to find a counter to French 24-pounder frigates. For her design, Henslow essentially simply scaled-up an earlier design. However, she was still too small to carry 24-pounder long guns comfortably and so the Admiralty replaced these first with lighter 24-pounders (in April 1799) and then with 18-pounders in 1805.


Scale: 1:48. A contemporary half block model of the 40 gun frigate HMS Cambrian (1797). A plaque is inscribed "Cambrian 40 1797. Built at Bursledon, one of the first heavy frigates built in immitation of French vessels. Present at Navarino and wrecked in the next year 1828. Dimensions gun deck 154ft beam 41ft 3in".


Lines (ZAZ2308)


Glasgow and Cambrian at the Battle of Navarino, 20 Oct 1827 (PAF4858)


Hand-coloured.; Vignette.; No 4. Plate 10 in Part I of "Liber Nauticus and instruction in the art of marine drawing" by Dominc Serres RA and John Thomas Serres.


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Cambrian_(1797)
https://collections.rmg.co.uk/colle...el-299645;browseBy=vessel;vesselFacetLetter=C

 

[Uwek]

Today in Naval History - Naval / Maritime Events in History
13 February 1807 - HMS Woodcock and HMS Wagtail, both Cuckoo-class schooners (both launched at the same day) of four 12-pounder carronades, wrecked


HMS Wagtail was a Royal Navy Cuckoo-class schooner of four 12-pounder carronades and a crew of 20. She was built by James Lovewell at Great Yarmouth and launched in 1806. Like many of her class and the related Ballahoo-class schooners, she succumbed to the perils of the sea relatively early in her career.



She was commissioned in 1806 under Lieutenant William Cullis. She was wrecked on 13 February 1807 at Vila Franca do Campo, São Miguel in the Azores, three hours after her sister ship HMS Woodcock was wrecked, and near Woodcock's water-logged remains. Both vessels had been anchored in the shelter of an islet off the town when a gale came up. Because of the storm they were unable to clear the land.

Wagtail's cables held until 8pm. Then her cables parted, and with waves breaking over her, Cullis ran her ashore. One man of the 18 men in her crew drowned.



Scale: 1:48. A plan showing body plan with stern board outline, sheer lines with inboard detail, and longitudinal half-breadth of 'Haddock' (1805), a four to six gun schooner, as taken off in October 1805 and modified on her refit. This plan was used for the subsequent Cuckoo class of gun schooners (1805) consisting of 'Magpie' (1806), 'Jackdaw' (1806), 'Cuckoo' (1806), 'Wagtail' (1806), 'Woodcock' (1806), 'Wigeon' (1806), 'Sealark' (1806), 'Rook' (1806), 'Landrail' (1806), 'Pigeon' (1806), 'Crane' (1806), 'Quail' (1806).


HMS Woodcock was a Royal Navy Cuckoo-class schooner of four 12-pounder carronades and a crew of 20. Crane & Holmes built and launched her at Great Yarmouth in 1806. Like many of her class and the related Ballahoo-class schooners, she succumbed to the perils of the sea relatively early in her career.



She was commissioned in 1806 under Lieutenant Isaac Charles Smith Collett. She was wrecked 13 February 1807 at Vila Franca do Campo, São Miguel in the Azores. She and her sister ship Wagtail had anchored there when a gale came up. Because of the storm it was impossible to clear the land and at 5pm Collett ran her ashore after her anchors had parted and water was continuously washing over her. Lines were passed to the shore and all her crew made it safely to land. Wagtail was wrecked three hours later.


The Cuckoo class was a class of twelve 4-gun schooners of the Royal Navy, built by contract in English shipyards during the Napoleonic War. They followed the design of the Bermuda-designed and built Ballahoo-class schooners, and more particularly, that of Haddock. The Admiralty ordered all twelve vessels on 11 December 1805. A number of different builders in different yards built them, with all launching in 1806.

Operational lives[edit]
Nine of the twelve vessels were lost or disposed of during the war, the survivors being sold in 1816. Enemy forces took four, of which the British were able to retake two. Seven wrecked or foundered with a loss of about 22 crew members in all.

William James wrote scathingly of the Cuckoo- and Ballahoo-class schooners, pointing out the high rate of loss, primarily to wrecking or foundering, but also to enemy action. He reports that they were "sent to 'take, burn, and destroy' the vessels of war and merchantmen of the enemy". The record suggests that none seem to have done so successfully. In the only two (arguably three) cases when they did engage enemy vessels, in each case the enemy force was much stronger and the Cuckoo-class vessels were overwhelmed.

James also remarks that:

Their very appearance as "men of war" raised a laugh at the expense of the projector. Many officers refused to take the command of them. Others gave a decided preference to some vessels built at the same yard, to be employed as water-tanks at Jamaica. Moreover, when sent forth to cruise against the enemies of England...these "king's schooners" were found to sail wretchedly, and proved so crank and unseaworthy, that almost every one of them that escaped capture went to the bottom with the unfortunate men on board.​

Scale: 1:48. A plan showing upper deck, and hold and platforms for 'Haddock' (1805), a four to six gun schooner, as fitted at Portsmouth in October 1805. This plan was used for the subsequent Cuckoo class of gun schooners (1805), consisting of 'Magpie' (1806), 'Jackdaw' (1806), 'Cuckoo' (1806), 'Wagtail' (1806), 'Woodcock' (1806), 'Wigeon' (1806), 'Sealark' (1806), 'Rook' (1806), 'Landrail' (1806), 'Pigeon' (1806), 'Crane' (1806), 'Quail' (1806). Initialled by Nicholas Diddams [Master Shipwright, Portsmouth Portsmouth, 1803-1823].


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Woodcock_(1806)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Wagtail_(1806)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuckoo-class_schooner
https://collections.rmg.co.uk/colle...el-364575;browseBy=vessel;vesselFacetLetter=W

 

[Uwek]

Today in Naval History - Naval / Maritime Events in History
13 February 1808 - Boats of HMS Confiance (20), Cptn. James Lucas Yeo, cut out a French gunboat, Enseigne Gaudolphe, off the Tagus.


Confiance, launched in 1797, was a privateer corvette from Bordeaux, famous for being Robert Surcouf's ship during the capture of the British East India Company's East Indiaman Kent. The British Royal Navy captured Confiance in 1805, took her into service under her existing name, and sold her in 1810. Before she was sold, Confiance took part in two notable actions.


Capture of Kent by Confiance. Painting by Ambroise Louis Garneray. - Musée municipal de La Roche-sur-Yon

French service
Completed in Bordeaux in November 1797, Confiance capsized at her launch and had to be refloated. On 3 February 1799 Confiance captured Echo as Echo was sailing from the Cape of Good Hope for London. Confiance sent Echo into France. 1799 Confiance was commissioned under Aurnaud Taudin in May 1799.

On 24 December 1799, Confiance encountered the American ship Atlantic and the British East India Company "extra ship" (chartered ship) Eliza Annnear the Sandheads in the Bay of Bengal. The engagement was inconclusive both that day and the next morning. Confiance broke off the action and sailed away early on Christmas morning.

In May 1800, Confiance was recommissioned in Île de France and her command was awarded to Robert Surcouf, with a complement of 23 officers and 190 men, and an armament of six 8-pounder long guns, sixteen 6-pounders and two 36-pounder obusiers de vaisseau. On 7 October, she encountered the East Indiaman Kent and captured her after a fierce battle; an 81-man prize crew under Joachim Drieux brought Kent to Île de France (Mauritius), where she was sold for 30,900 piastres.

In 1801, Confiance had her crew reduced to 89 men[10] and sailed en aventurier to La Rochelle, loaded with colonial goods for her return to France. On the journey, Surcouf still managed to capture a number of ships, notably the Portuguese Ebre, with eighteen 12-pounder carronadesand a 60-man crew; he released her against a ransom of 10,000 piastres and after exchanging her great mast for that of Confiance. After her arrival in France, Confiance was commissioned as a merchantman under Paul Castanet from May 1802.



Capture
By late 1803, she served in Muros, Spain, under Captain Roque and later under Papin. On 4 June 1805, HMS Loire attacked the town of Muros, in Spain, and captured Confiance, as well as her consort Bélier. Loire had six men wounded in the landing party that captured a fort, a battery, and the two vessels, and nine men wounded on Loire by fire from the batteries before the British could capture them. The Spaniards lost 12 men killed, including the commander of the fort and Confiance's 2nd captain, and 30 men wounded, including most of Confiance's officers. Captain Frederick Maitland, of Loire, reported that Confiance was a "very fit Ship for His Majesty's Service; is reckoned to sail excessively fast; was to have gone to Sea in a few Days, bound to India, with a Complement of 300 men". Maitland burnt Bélier, which he described as also fitting for sea, "supposed to be destined to cruise to Westward of Cape Clear."

The action led to promotion to Commander for Lieutenant James Lucas Yeo, who commanded the cutting out party. Lloyd's Patriotic Fund awarded a sword worth 150 guineas to Maitland, and two swords, each worth 50 guineas, to lieutenants Yeo and Mallock.

HMS Confiance
The British commissioned Confiance into the Royal Navy in June as an 18-gun sloop under the newly promoted Commander James Yeo, and for the Channel. (Confiance kept her status as a sloop until 1807, when the Admiralty re-rated her as a sixth rate. She remained at Plymouth from 19 June to 14 March 1806 undergoing fitting out.)

Confiance shared with Hero, Iris, and Révolutionnaire in the proceeds from the recapture on 11 January 1807 of the schooner Monarch.

On 18 August, as Confiance was sailing to Oporto, Yeo received information that the Reitrada, a small Spanish privateer lugger that had been active along the coast of Portugal, was anchored at La Guardia. Yeo sent in a cutting out party in Confiance's boats. They captured the lugger, which was armed with one 12 and two 4-pounder guns, and had a crew of 30 men. The Spaniards had one man killed, several wounded, and the rest of the crew jumped overboard. The privateer had sheltered under the guns of two forts, which fired on the boats as they came in. One fort was armed with four 24-pounder guns and the other with six 18-pounder guns; there were also 150 troops. Despite the Spaniards' fire, the British sustained no casualties.

Confiance sailed to Portugal on 16 January 1808. The French had captured Lisbon and the Royal Navy was maintaining a blockade in the Tagus where the onset of the Anglo-Russian War had trapped a squadron of Russian ships under the command of Vice-Admiral Dmitry Senyavin. Confiance was off the Tagus when on 13 February she sent her cutter and jolly boat, with 15 men under the command of Master's Mate R. Trist, to row picket because of rumours that Senyavin was about to leave. Trist observed a French gun-vessel anchored under the guns of Fort San Pedro, between Fort Belem and Fort Julian. He immediately attacked, capturing Gunboat #1, which was armed with one 24-pounder gun and two 6-pounder carronades. She had 100 stands of arms aboard, and a crew of 50 men under the command of ensign de vaisseau Gandolphe. The British suffered no casualties; the French had three men killed and nine wounded. Trist, who had passed his exams for Lieutenant a year earlier, received promotion to that rank for his feat. In 1847 the Admiralty issued the Naval General Service Medal (NGSM) with clasp "13 Feb. Boat Service 1808" to all surviving claimants from the action.

Confiance next sailed to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. On 14 January 1809 Confiance captured Cayenne.

Main article: Portuguese conquest of French Guiana
Yeo received permission from the commander-in-chief of the Royal Navy's Brazil station, Admiral Sir Sidney Smith to mount an operation against the French. Yeo took Confiance, two armed Portuguese brigs, an unarmed Portuguese brig, a Portuguese cutter, and 4-500 Portuguese soldiers, and sailed to Oyapoc, in French Guiana, which they captured on 8 December 1808.[Note 3] A week later they captured Appruagoc (or Appruague).

Emboldened by the ease of their victories, Yeo and the Portuguese commander then decided to attack Cayenne. They captured three forts and defeated the French forces under the command of Victor Hugues, the French governor. British casualties were only one man killed and 23 men wounded.

On 13 January 1809, while Yeo was on shore with three-quarters of Confiance's crew, seamen and marines, the French frigate Topaze approached Cayenne. She was carrying flour and was under orders to avoid combat, but the British did not know that. Midshipman G. Yeo, Yeo's younger brother, another midshipman, the remaining 25 men of the crew, and 20 local Negroes that the two midshipmen induced to join them, set sail towards Topaze. Topaze, judging from the sloop's boldness that she had company that would be forthcoming, turned away. A few days later HMS Cleopatra captured Topaze.

King George knighted James Yeo in 1810 for his victory. In 1847 the Admiralty awarded the Naval General Service Medal with clasp "Confiance 14 Jany. 1809" to all surviving claimants from the operation.

Fate
The Principal Officers and Commissioners of His Majesty's Navy offered the "Confiance Sloop, 560 [Tons Burthen]", lying at Deptford, for sale on 22 December 1810. She sold on that day. She appears to have sailed as a merchantman at least until 1816.




https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confiance_(1797_ship)
https://threedecks.org/index.php?display_type=show_ship&id=3662

 

[Uwek]

Today in Naval History - Naval / Maritime Events in History
13 February 1809 – Launch of French 16-gun sloop brig Basque, later captured by the british and commissioned as HMS Foxhound


HMS Foxhound was the French Navy's brig Basque, launched in 1809, that the British Royal Navy captured in 1809 and took into service as a 16-gun sloop. She had a relatively brief naval career in which she captured a number of merchant vessels. After the Navy sold her in 1816, she made some 10 or 11 whaling voyages between 1817 and 1848.



French career and capture
Basque was a Curieux-class (or possibly Sylphe-class) brig. From 26 March 1809 she was under the command of lieutenant de vaisseau Maillard-Liscourt, and stationed in the Gulf of Gascony.

On 11 November 1809, HMS Druid, Captain Sir William Bolton, encountered Basque. Basque was able to fend-off an attack by Druid's boats, but two days later, on 13 November, Druid succeeded in capturing Basque. Basque was armed with 16 guns and had a crew of 112 men. She was sailing from Bayonne to Guadeloupe with a cargo of flour and other stores.

Basque was on her maiden voyage, and in company with her sister-ship Béarnais. The Royal Navy took Basque into service as HMS Foxhound. HMS Melampus captured Béarnais about a month later, off Guadeloupe. The Royal Navy took Béarnais into service as Curieux.

sistership

1/36th scale model of Cygne, on display at the Musée national de la Marine in Paris.

Royal Navy service
Foxhound spent almost a year (28 November 1809 to 16 October 1810) at Plymouth undergoing repair. Commander Malcolm Cowan commissioned her in July 1810.

In 1810 Commander John Parrish replaced Cowan as Foxhound served in the English Channel. Parrish was captain on 19 December when she recaptured Nostra Senora del Carmen. The French privateer Dart, of 14 guns and 100 men, had captured Nostra Senora del Carmen, Seleido, master, on the 19th as she was sailing from London to Lisbon. Foxhound sent her into Plymouth, where she ran ashore with two feet of water in her hold.

A year later, Foxhound recaptured the brig Samuel on 2 December 1811. Samuel, om, master, had been sailing from Lisbon to London when a French privateer had captured her on 30 November.

Foxhound towed into Plymouth on 11 January the whaler Ceres, Greenway, master. She had been returning to London from the South Seas when Foxhound found her dismasted and in distress off the coast of France.

On 24 December 1812, Foxhound recaptured Harmony, and the next day Catherine. The French privateer Augusta had captured both. Catherine, Blyth, master, had been sailing from Suriname to London, and Harmony, Gallop, master, had been sailing from Newfoundland to Poole. The recaptured vessels arrived at Plymouth on 1 and 2 January 1813. Augusta had captured another merchantmen that Favorite had recaptured.

Foxhound captured two American vessels: schooner Terrible on 8 February, and brig Weazle on 25 March. Terrible, of 200 tons (bm) and 13 men, had been sailing from New York to Bordeaux with a cargo of cotton and potash. Terrible arrived at Plymouth on 12 February. Weazle arrived at Plymouth on 1 April.

On 27 November Foxhound captured Sophia. Sophia was a Prussian ship sailing from Bordeaux; detained, she arrived at Plymouth on 6 December.

Towards the end of the year, on 18 December, Foxhound recaptured General Kempt and her cargo. General Kempt (or General Kemp), Jenkins, master, had been sailing from Quebec to Liverpool with a cargo of timber when the American privateer Grand Turk captured her. Weazle arrived at Plymouth on 1 April.

On 27 May 1814, Foxhound, still under Parrish's command, recaptured Margaret. The American privateer Surprise had captured Margaret as she was sailing to Britain from Lisbon.

Commander Thomas Warrand replaced Parrish in November 1814. Foxhound then transported half the 14th Regiment of Foot from Plymouth to Ostend.[23] After the Battle of Waterloo, in June and early July 1815 Foxhound joined with Erebus to convoy transports between Deal and Ramsgate, and Ostend, and back. The transports brought back some 8,000 French prisoners. Foxhound was then employed in secret services off Calais, and "in other ways".

On 22 August Foxhound left deal for Sheerness, to be paid off. Warrand paid her off in September.

Disposal
The Principal Officeers and Commissioners of His Majesty's Navy offered the "Foxhound brig, of 348 tons", lying at Sheerness, for sale on 23 November 1815.[24] The Navy sold Foxhound on 15 February 1816 for £800.

Whaler
Foxhound proceeded to make ten or 11 whaling voyages between 1817 and 1848. The first eight were for Birnie & Co. and the last two or three were for Wilson & Co.

1st whaling voyage (1817–1819): Captain Watson (or Walker) left Britain on 12 June 1817 bound for New South Wales and the whaler fishery. Foxhound was reported to have been there on 19 October 1817. She returned to Britain on 29 October 1819 with 460 casks of whale oil.

2nd whaling voyage (1820–1822): Captain Mattinson left Britain on 18 January 1820 for Timor. In December 1820 Foxhound was "all well" at Ambonya. She returned to Britain on 16 June 1822 with 500 casks of whale oil.

3rd whaling voyage (1822–1824): Captain Mattinson (or Maddison) left Britain on 7 September 1822, bound for Japanese waters. (At the time Japan itself was closed to Westerners.) Foxhound returned to Britain on 12 April 1824 with 480 casks, plus fins (baleen).

4th whaling voyage (1824–1827): Foxhound left Britain on 30 July 1824, this time with the Pacific Ocean as her destination. Initially Matheson was her master, but at some point S. Emmett replaced him. She was at Madeira on 8 August and on 9 January 1825 at Otaheite. She was at Honolulu on 13 June 1826 (with 400 barrels), Maui on 7 July, Tahiti on 24 August, Tahiti again on 6 November. From there she left for the seas off Japan. She was at Huahine on 29 November, and back at Tahiti between 6 and 8 December. She returned to Britain on 13 April 1827 with 550 casks.

5th whaling voyage (1827–1829): S. Emmett left Britain for the Pacific Ocean on 17 July 1827. Foxhound was at Tahiti in May 1828, at Honolulu on 20 November 1828 with 1900 barrels, and again at Tahiti in May 1829. She returned to Britain on 18 Oct 1829 with 1900 barrels "[incomplete]".

6th whaling voyage (1831–1833): S. Emmet her from Britain on 5 June 1830 for the Pacific Ocean. Foxhound was at Tahiti in March–April 1831. She was at Tahiti again and left on 24 March 1832 for the coast of Japan. She was at the Bay of Islands on 9 February 1833 with 1600 barrels, and Tahiti on 13 May 1833. She returned to Britain on 26 September 1833 with 1600 barrels "[incomplete]"

7th whaling voyage (1834–1837): Captain Grey, a new master, sailed Foxhound from Britain on 28 May 1834, bound for the seas off Japan. In April 1835 she was at Guam, with 600 barrels. On 15 August she was again at Guam, but with 1600 barrels. She returned to Britain on 24 August 1837 with "1800 barrels [full]".

8th whaling voyage (1838–1841): Captain Charles Stewart Blake (or Black) sailed Foxhound from Britain on 12 January 1838, bound for Timor. she reached Brava, Cape Verde, on 24 February and Timor by 14 December. She was at the Coocs Isles on 17 June 1839. By January 1840 she was in the Gilolo Passage with 500 barrels. Five months later she had 750 barrels. She was at Ampanam on 20 November. By 6 March 1840 she had 1000 barrels. She was at St Helena on 2 November 1840 with 1100 barrels. She returned to Britain on 3 January 1841 with 1100 barrels "[incomplete]".

On her return creditors seized her. Birnie had mortgaged Foxhound and her cargo against a debt that he was unable to discharge.

9th whaling voyage (1841–1844): Foxhoundhad new owners, Wilson & Co. Captain Francis Simmons (or Simmonds) left Britain on 20 May 1841, bound for the Seychelles. She was reported at Johanna on 7 August 1841, and at St Augustine's Bay three weeks later. She was again at Johanna on 31 July 1842. She returned to Britain on 1 February 1844 with 440 casks + 4 tanks.

Foxhound underwent a large repair in 1844.

10th whaling voyage (1844–1847): Captain Rains left Britain on 27 April 1844. Foxhound was reported at Mauritius on 15 June 1845 with 400 barrels. On 26 December she was at Cochin and shortly thereafter near Ceylon. She returned to Britain on 22 September 1847.

Fate
An eleventh whaling voyage, with Rains, master, was planned or commenced on 1 May 1849, but there is no other data. In fact, Lloyd's Register of British and foreign shipping for 1849 no longer lists Foxhound. It is currently unclear whether she began a voyage that had to be aborted, was lost, or simply was broken up.


A very good monographie made by Jean Boudriot of this ships-class is available from ancre







https://ancre.fr/en/monograph/35-monographie-du-cygne-brick-1806.html


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Foxhound_(1809)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abeille-class_brig
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_brig_Cygne_(1806)

 

[Uwek]

Today in Naval History - Naval / Maritime Events in History
13 February 1811 - HMS Pandora (1806 - 18), John Macpherson Ferguson, struck the Scaw Reef off Jutland and was wrecked.


HMS Pandora, a Cruizer class brig sloop, was launched in 1806. She captured two privateers before she was wrecked in February 1811 off the coast of Jutland.



Career
Henry Hume Spence received his promotion to commander on 28 May 1806, and commissioned Pandora in December. She then served in the North Sea and on the Downs station. On 28 August 1807, Pandorawas in company when Escort captured the Danish droit Emanuel.

On 13 January 1808, Pandora captured the French privateer Entreprenant, of 16 guns and 58 men, six or seven miles SSE of Folkestone, with the assistance of the hired armed cutter Active. The chase lasted an hour and 40 minutes and the French vessel did not strike until small arms fire from Pandora had wounded Captain Bloudin and five or six other men. Entreprenant was three days out of Calais and had captured the brig Mary, of Sunderland.

Pandora was among the many vessels present at the unsuccessful Walcheren Campaign and in the Scheldt in July-August 1809. She therefore shared in the subsequent prize money for the property the British army captured at that time.

Spence received promotion to post captain on 24 August 1809, Commander Richard Gaire Janvrin, who had been in charge of the port of Flushing during the British withdrawal, replaced him in October. On 12 October Pandora, under Janvrin, was among the vessels in sight when her sister ship Raleigh captured the Danish brig Friheden.

In October 1810 Commander John Macpherson Ferguson replaced Janvrin, who had been promoted to post captain on 21 October. On 31 December Pandora captured the French privateer cutter Chasseur, of 16 guns and 36 men. The privateer threw her guns overboard during the chase. Chasseur was two days out of the island of Fora but had made no captures.


Scale: 1:48. Plan showing the body plan with stern board outline, sheer lines with scroll figurehead, and longitudinal half-breadth for Cruiser (1797), and later for Ferret (1806), Scorpion (1803), Swallow (1805), Musquito (1804), Scout (1804) and Despatch (1804), all 18 gun Brig Sloops. The plan also shows the mast alterations (to ship-rigged) for Snake (1797) and Victor (1798), both 18 gun Ship Sloops.


Scale: 1:48. Plan showing the framing profile (disposition)

Fate
Pandora wrecked on 13 February 1811 on the Scaw Reef off the coast of Jutland. She was in company with the frigate Venus and both vessels were at anchor in poor weather. When the weather eased, they sighted a brig near shore and launched their boats to capture her. Venus ordered Pandora to approach the brig to provide support for the boats. However, when the boats reached the brig they saw that she was a wreck and they turned around to return to their ships. The weather worsened, but when it cleared Pandora was able to retrieve her boats. However, the weather again worsened and as Pandora attempted to locate Venus Pandora grounded. She lost her rudder, and shortly after she had cut away her masts and fired distress guns she capsized on her side.

Pandora's boats were frozen to the deck and it was only on 15 February that the Danes were able to get boats to her and to rescue most of the crew; 27 of her crew of 121 had died of exposure and the rest became prisoners. Apparently, the Danes treated their prisoners with "all possible kindness and hospitality."

In March, after the Battle of Anholt, in which the British captured a large number of Danish prisoners, Captain Joseph Baker of Tartar proposed taking his Danish prisoners to Randers and exchanging them for the officers and crew of Pandora. When Ferguson returned to England the court martial for the loss of Pandora severely reprimanded him as well as the pilot, William Famie, for their failure to take frequent depth soundings and for carrying too little sail.



Carronade (ZAZ4576)


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Pandora_(1806)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cruizer-class_brig-sloop
https://collections.rmg.co.uk/colle...el-305480;browseBy=vessel;vesselFacetLetter=C

 

[Uwek]

Today in Naval History - Naval / Maritime Events in History
13 February 1812 - HMS Apollo (1805 - 38), Cptn. Bridges W. Taylor, took French frigate-built storeship Merinos (20). see also 13th Feb 1814 !!!


HMS Apollo, the fifth ship of the Royal Navy to be named for the Greek god Apollo, was a fifth-rate frigate of the Lively class, carrying 38 guns, launched in 1805 and broken up in 1856.



Napoleonic Wars
Apollo was commissioned in July 1805 under Captain Edward Fellowes, who sailed her for the Mediterranean on 26 January 1806. In 1806 she operated off southern Italy. On 5 June boats from Apollo brought out a French brig near Agie Finucana, in the Gulf of Taranto, where she had run aground. The brig was transporting six 24-pounder guns, together with their carriages. The cutting out party had to work through the night under small-arms fire from the shore, as well as fire from a field piece. Still, they managed to retrieve the vessel while suffering only one man wounded. The guns were intended for a new battery opposite the lighthouse.

On 6 July Captain Fellowes was at the Battle of Maida, having been ordered to join the troops by Rear-Admiral Sir Sidney Smith to act as liaison with the Navy should the Army have had to retire. General James Stuart remarked in his account of the battle that Fellowes had been helpful in every way. On 8 July 1806, 400 Polish soldiers surrendered at Tropea Castle to the captain of HMS Apollo.

In October Apollo came under the command of Captain Alexander Schomberg. In 1807 she took part in the Alexandria expedition of 1807 in the squadron under the command of Admiral Benjamin Hallowell. However, she and the 19 transports (out of 33) that she was escorting got separated from the rest of the expedition and arrived at Abu Qir Bay too late to participate meaningfully. Seven-and-a-half years later, in October 1814, Apollo, Tigre and Wizard would share in prize money for the capture of the Turkish frigates Houri Bahar and Houri Nasaret, and the corvette Feragh Nouma as well as the stores captured on 20 March.

In 1808, Captain Bridges Taylor took command of Apollo. Under Taylor, she raided French convoys in the western Mediterranean.

On 3 June 1808, Rear Admiral Thornbrough sent Sir Francis Laforey in Apollo to negotiate with the Supreme Junta of the Balearic Isles. the citizens of Mallorca had declared their allegiance to Ferdinand II and wished to begin talks with the British. At the end of the year Apollo returned to Britain.

Between 30 and 31 October 1809 boats from Apollo participated in the attack by Hallowell's squadron on vessels of a French convoy that had taken refuge in the Bay of Rosas where they hoped that an armed storeship of 18 guns, two bombards and a xebec would provide them protection. On 30 October Tigre, Cumberland, Volontaire, Apollo, Topaz, Philomel, Tuscan and Scout sent in their boats. By the following morning the British had accounted for all eleven vessels in the bay, burning those they did not bring out. However, British losses were considerable, numbering 15 killed and 44 wounded overall, with Apollo alone suffering three dead and five wounded. The French vessels captured were the warships Grondire and Normande, and the transports Dragon and Indien. The boats also destroyed the Lemproye and Victoire. A court declared Invincible a joint captor.

In 1811 Apollo returned to the Mediterranean, fighting a large number of small-scale actions and raiding various French-held islands.

sistership HMS Spartan

Drawing. Inscribed below, probably by the artist, 'Spartan - 38 guns' and above; 'Sketched by Mr Paget when confined (by the rain) to his cell in the Convent of Valambrosa [Vallambrosa]...F. [indeciph] Sept 21st 1821'. The final part of the top inscription, apparently by Paget's travelling companion, is probably readable from the drawing (not sighted). Why Paget should have chosen to draw this frigate flying the Blue Peter at the fore, as ready to sail, while weatherbound in an Italian convent guesthouse during his tour of 1818-21 is as yet unresolved. PvdM 3/05

On 13 February 1812, Apollo took the French frigate Merinos while operating off Cap Corse. Merinos was a relatively new frigate-built storeship of 850 tons, pierced for 36 guns but carrying only 20 eight-pounders. She had a crew of 126 men under the command of Captain de fregate Honoré Coardonan, holder of the Legion d'Honour. She was on her way to Sagone for timber. The French lost six killed and 20 wounded; the British, despite also coming under fire from the shore, suffered no casualties. A French corvette, the Mohawk, accompanying Merinos, did not come to her aid and escaped. According to Taylor Mohawk had a crew of 130 men and some conscripts, and was a British ship by the same name that had been captured in 1799.

On 24 April Apollo, Eagle and Havannah landed Lieutenant-colonel George Duncan Robertson, his staff and a garrison at Port St. George on Lissa. The British had defeated a French naval force on 13 March at the Battle of Lissa and wanted to establish a base there with Robertson as its first Governor.

On 17 September Apollo captured the 6-gun privateer xebec Ulysse. She had a crew of 56 men under the command of Monsieur Oletta, commander of a division of gun-boats at Corfu.

On 21 December Apollo was in company with the brig-sloop Weazel when the two vessels chased a trabaccolo under the protection of the tower of San Cataldo, the strongest such on the coast between Brindisi and Otranto. The tower was armed with three guns and three swivel guns. A landing party from the two vessels captured the tower and blew it up.

Between 18 January and 3 February 1813, Apollo, together with the privateer Esperanza and four gunboats, and some 300 troops under the command of Lieutenant-Colonel G. D. Robertson, captured Augusta and Carzola Islands. At Augusta, a party of seamen from Apollo spiked the guns of one battery. On 1 February Taylor sailed Apollo, the brig-sloop Imogen, under the command of Lieutenant Charles Taylor, and Gunboat No. 43, under the command of Mr. Antonio Pardo, to Carzola. There Captain Taylor commanded a landing party that silenced several sea batteries. When the town capitulated the British captured a privateer that had "molested the trade of the Adriatic", and two of her prizes. That day the British also captured seven vessels in the Channel, sailing to Ragusa and Cattaro, principally with grain, which was in short supply there. The action at Carzola cost Apollo two men dead, one of whom drowned, and one man wounded.

On 19 March, boats from Apollo and Cerberus destroyed several vessels, a battery and a tower three miles northwest of the port of Monopoli near Bari. Then on 11 April, Apollo and Cerberus took Devil's Island, near the north entrance to Corfu, and thereby captured a brig and a trabaccolo bringing in grain. On 14 April the boats chased a vessel into Merlera. They then suffered three men wounded before Apollo arrived and captured the island. The British found eight vessels with flour and grain that the enemy had scuttled. Ten days later, Apollo's boats chased a felucca into St Cataldo that had troops aboard. A landing party of marines killed one Frenchman, wounded another, and captured 26. (The rest of the troops and the crew of the felucca fled.) Apollo's boats brought out the felucca.

On 17 May boats from Apollo and Cerberus took a vessel that ran aground near Brindisi. She was armed with a 9-pounder gun in the bow and a swivel gun. She was sailing from Otranto to Ancona. The next day the boats also brought off a gun from a Martello tower a little further to the south. Then ten days later the boats captured three gunboats at Fano that were protecting a convoy. The gun-boats each mounted a 9-pounder in their bows and two 4-pounders abaft. They were under the command of an Ufficiale di Vascello, carrying troops for Corfu. The British also captured four vessels from the convoy. British losses amounted to two men killed and one wounded.

On 15 June Taylor positioned Apollo's boats to intercept four vessels heading into Corfu. They drove one ashore, but then had to turn their attention to a French gunboat that appeared, which they captured. She mounted both a 12 and a 6-pounder gun. In the engagement the French suffered nine men wounded, was the commander and a captain of engineers, Monsieur Baudrand. The gunboat also carried the colonel and chief of engineers of Corfu, (reportedly men of great ability), who were returning after having been to Parga and Pado to improve the fortifications there. Laurel was in company and took the captured gunboat to St. Maura while Apollo landed the wounded at Corfu. This caused a delay during which Apollo's boats remained near Morto, in Albania. At daylight the following morning six gun-boats, a felucca, and smaller row-boat, all full of troops attacked the boats. Lieutenant W. H. Nares, who had been in charge of the boats in all the above actions, ran them ashore near Parga. From the shore he and his men used their small arms to repel four attacks, during which Apollo's boats were destroyed. However, the British lost only one man, who was taken prisoner.

On 6 February 1814, Apollo and Havannah were at anchor outside Brindisi while the French frigate Uranie was inside the port, on fire. Cerberus had chased her into the port some weeks earlier while awaiting the action of the officials of the port, which belonged to the Kingdom of Naples, to the presence of the French vessel. When Apollo appeared on the scene and made signs of being about to enter the port, Uranie's captain removed the powder from his ship and set her on fire.

sistership Macedonian

HMS Macedonian (left) of the Lively class, painting of its engagement with USS United States, 1812, by Thomas Birch

On 13 February 1814, the island of Paxos, in the Adriatic, surrendered to Apollo and a detachment of 160 troops. The troops moved so rapidly through the island that the enemy did not have time to organize resistance. As a result, the British force, which included inter aliamen from the 2nd Greek Light Infantry from Cephalonia, from the Royal Corsican Rangers, the 35th Regiment of Foot, and marines and seamen from the Apollo, captured 122 enemy troops as well as a small, well-designed fort of three guns.

Captain Taylor drowned in early 1814, when his gig capsized as he was returning to Apollo from a reconnaissance at Brindisi. On 24 April Apollo was among the vessels at the capture of the fortress and town of Savona.

After Taylor's death, Apollo had several commanders in short order. E.L. Graham took command in June, and was followed by A.B. Valpy (acting), in August. Then W. Hamilton followed him.

Apollo then returned to England where she was placed in ordinary at Portsmouth the following year

Post-war career
After the end of the Napoleonic Wars Apollo served as a troopship for many years, including during the First Opium War. From February 1828 to 1838 she was under the command of Alexander Karley. Then in November 1841 C. Frederick took command.

In December 1837 she was fitted at Portsmouth, for £11,402, as a troopship. At this time her armament was reduced. In March 1840 she carried the main body of the 56th (West Essex) Regiment of Foot to Canada where they reinforced the garrison there during the Northeastern Boundary Dispute. Then in November 1841 C. Frederick took command and sailed her to the Far East where she participated in the Yangtze operation in July 1842. By March 1845 Apollo was back at Portsmouth and under the command of W. Raddiff. In June 1845, Apollo was reported to have been wrecked at St. Shott's, Newfoundland with the loss of 60 to 80 lives.

Fate
In June 1856, the 1st Battalion, The Rifle Brigade embarked on Apollo at Balaclava at the end of the Crimean War for their return to England. She was broken up at Portsmouth on 16 October 1856



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Apollo_(1805)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohawk_(1781_ship)

 

[Uwek]

Today in Naval History - Naval / Maritime Events in History
13 February 1812 – Launch of HMS Dublin, a 74-gun Vengeur-class third rate ship of the line


HMS Dublin was a 74-gun third rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, launched on 13 February 1812 at Rotherhithe.



Dublin shared the proceeds of the capture on 17 July 1813 of Union with Abercrombie.

In 1826 Dublin was reduced to a 40-gun ship. She became the flagship of Commander-in-Chief of the Pacific fleet Admiral Sir Graham Hamond, 2nd Baronet from 1835 to 1838, and Rear Admiral Richard Darton Thomas (1777–1857), from 1841 to 1845.

Dublin was sold out of the Navy in 1885.



Scale: 1:48. Contemporary copy of a plan showing the body plan, sheer lines, and longitudinal half-breadth for 'Conquestadore' (1810), 'Armada' (1810), 'Vigo' (1810), 'Cressey' (1810), 'La Hogue' (1811), 'Vindictive' (1813), 'Poictiers' (1809), 'Vengeur' (1810), 'Edinburgh' (1811), 'Dublin' (1812), 'Duncan' (1811), 'Indus' (1812), 'Rodney' (1809), 'Cornwall' (1812), 'Redoutable' (1815), 'Anson' (1812), 'Agincourt' (1817), 'Ajax' (1809), 'America' (1810), 'Barham' (1811), 'Benbow' (1813), 'Berwick' (1809), 'Blenheim' (1813), 'Clarence' (1812), 'Defence' (1815), 'Devonshire' (1812), 'Egmont' (1810), 'Hercules' (1815), 'Medway' (1812), 'Pembroke' (1812), 'Pitt' (1816), 'Russell' (1822), 'Scarborough' (1812), 'Stirling Castle' (1811), 'Wellington' (1816), 'Mulgrave' (1812), 'Gloucester' (1812), all 74-gun Third Rate, two-deckers. The plan includes alterations for a rounded bow and circular stern.


Scale: 1:24. Plan showing the starboard stern quarter illustrating further alterations made to the gallery window level for 'Dublin' (1812), a 74-gun Third Rate, two-decker, after being cut down (razeed) to a 50-gun Fourth Rate Frigate in 1826. Signed by Thomas Roberts [Master Shipwright, Plymouth Dockyard, 1830-1837].


The Vengeur-class ships of the line were a class of forty 74-gun third rates, designed for the Royal Navy as a joint effort between the Surveyors of the Navy at the time. The Vengeur Class, sometimes referred to as the Surveyors' class of third rates, amongst other names, was the most numerous class of ships of the line ever built for the Royal Navy - forty ships being completed to this design. Due to some dubious practices, primarily in the commercial dockyards used for construction, this class of ships earned itself the nickname of 'Forty Thieves.'

Between 1826 and 1832, ten of these ships were cut down by one deck (raséed) to produce 50-gun "frigates". These were the Barham, Dublin, Alfred, Cornwall, America, Conquestador, Rodney (renamed Greenwich), Vindictive, Eagle and Gloucester. Planned similar conversions of the Clarence (renamed Centurion) and Cressy around this time were cancelled, but the Warspite was additionally converted along the same lines in 1837-1840.

Around 1845 four of these ships were converted into 'blockships', the then-current term for floating batteries, equipped with a steam/screw propulsion system and re-armed with 60 guns. In this guise some of them saw action during the Crimean War. The four were the Blenheim, Ajax, Hogue and Edinburgh. About ten years later, a further batch of five ships was similarly converted - this included the Russell, Cornwallis and Pembrokeof this class (as well as the Hawke and Hastings of other designs).



Armada or Vengeur class. The most numerous class of British capital ships ever built, with forty vessels being completed to this design (they were popularly known as the "Forty Thieves").

• Armada 74 (1810) – sold 1863
• Cressy 74 (1810) – 1827 planned to be converted to 50-gun frigate but instead broken up 1832
• Vigo 74 (1810) – hulked at receiving ship Plymouth, broken up 1865
• Vengeur 74 (1810) – hulked as receiving ship 1824, broken up 1843
• Ajax 74 (1809) – converted to 60-gun screw blockship, 1847, broken up 1864
• Conquestador 74 (1810) – cut down to 50 gun frigate 1831, hulked War Office powder depot at Purfleet 1856, powder depot Plymouth 1863, sold 1897
• Poictiers 74 (1809) – broken up 1857
• Berwick 74 (1809) – broken up 1821
• Egmont 74 (1810) – hulked as storeship Rio de Janeiro 1863, sold 1875
• Clarence 74 (1812) – renamed Centurion 1826 and planned to be converted to 50-gun frigate but instead broken up 1828
• Edinburgh 74 (1811) – converted to 60-gun screw blockship 1852, sold 1866
• America 74 (1810) – cut down to 50-gun frigate 1835, hulked 1864, broken up 1867
• Scarborough 74 (1812) – sold 1836
• Asia 74 (1811) – renamed Alfred, cut down to 50-gun frigate 1828, hulked as gunnery trials ship Portsmouth 1858, broken up 1865
• Mulgrave 74 (1812) – hulked as a lazaretto Pembroke 1836, powder ship 1844, broken up 1854
• Anson 74 (1812) – hulked as temporary lazaretto Portsmouth 1831, by 1843 to Chatham and then to Tasmania as a convict ship, broken up 1851
• Gloucester 74 (1812) – cut down to 50-gun frigate 1835, hulked as receiving ship Chatham 1861, sold 1884
• Rodney 74 (1809) – renamed Greenwich 1827 and cut down to 50-gun frigate, but conversion probably never completed, sold 1836
• La Hogue 74 (1811) – converted to 60-gun screw blockship 1848, broken up 1865
• Dublin 74 (1812) – cut down to 50-gun frigate 1836, laid up 1845, sold 1885
• Barham 74 (1811) – cut down to 50-gun frigate 1836, broken up 1840
• Benbow 74 (1813) – hulked as marine barracks Sheerness 1848, prison ship for Russians 1854, coal deport 1859, sold for breaking 1894
• Stirling Castle 74 (1811) – hulked as convict ship Plymouth 1839, to Portsmouth 1844, broken up 1861
• Vindictive 74 (1813) – cut down to 50-gun frigate 1833, hulked as depot ship Fernando Po 1862, sold 1871
• Blenheim 74 (1813) – converted to 60-gun screw blockship 1847, hulked at Portsmouth, broken up 1865
• Duncan 74 (1811) – hulked as lazaretto Portsmouth 1826, to Sheerness 1831, broken up 1863
• Rippon 74 (1812) – broken up 1821
• Medway 74 (1812) – hulked as convict ship Bermuda 1847, sold 1865
• Cornwall 74 (1812) – cut down to 50-gun frigate 1830, hulked and lent to London School Ship Society as reformatory 1859, to the Tyne as Wellesley hulk 1868, broken up 1875
• Pembroke 74 (1812) – converted to 60-gun screw blockship 1855, hulked as base ship Chatham 1873, renamed Forte 1890 as receiving hulk, then Pembroke again 1891, sold 1905
• Indus 74 (1812) – renamed Bellona 1818, hulked as receiving ship Plymouth 1842, broken up 1868
• Redoubtable 74 (1815) – broken up 1841
• Devonshire 74 (1812) – hulked and lent to Greenwich Seamen's Hospital as temporary hospital ship 1849, to Sheerness as prison ship for Russians 1854, school ship in Queensborough Swale 1860, broken up 1869
• Defence 74 (1815) – hulked as convict ship Woolwich 1848, burnt and broken up 1857
• Hercules 74 (1815) – troopship 1838, emigrant ship 1852, hulked as army depot ship Hong Kong after 1853, sold 1865
• Agincourt 74 (1817) – hulked as training ship at Plymouth after 1848, renamed Vigo 1865, cholera hospital ship 1866, receiving ship at Plymouth 1870, sold 1884, broken up 1885
• Pitt 74 (1816) – hulked as coal deport and receiving ship at Plymouth 1853, to Portland 1860, later back to Portsmouth, broken up 1877
• Wellington 74 (1816) – ex-Hero, hulked as receiving and depot ship Sheerness 1848, to Coastguard Sheerness 1857, to Liverpool Juvenile Reformatory Association Ltd as training ship and renamed Akbar, sold for breaking 1908
• Russell 74 (1822) – converted to 60-gun screw blockship 1854–55, coastguard ship Sheerness 1858, broken up 1865
• Akbar 74 (-) – keel laid 4 April 1807, cancelled 12 October 1809. Uncertain whether she was of this class

Scale: 1:48. An 1861 copy of a Navy Office plan dated 6 May 1807 showing the inboard profile for Anson (1812), Benbow (1813), Conquestadore (1810), Cornwall (1812), Cressy (1810), Devonshire (1812), Dublin (1812), Duncan (1811), Edinburgh (1811), Egmont (1810), Indus (1812), Mulgrave (1812), Poictiers (1809), Redoubtable (1815), Rodney (1809) and Vengeur (1810), all 74-gun Third Rate, two-deckers.


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Dublin_(1812)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vengeur-class_ship_of_the_line
https://collections.rmg.co.uk/colle...el-308251;browseBy=vessel;vesselFacetLetter=D

 

[Uwek]

Today in Naval History - Naval / Maritime Events in History
13 February 1814 - HMS Boyne (1810 - 98), Cptn. Burton, and HMS Caledonia (1808 - 120), Cptn. Jeremiah Coghlan, engaged Le Romulus (1812 - 74) and Adrienne (1809 - 44) off Toulon


The Le Romulus was a Téméraire class 74-gun ship of the line of the French Navy.



In February 1814, under captain Rolland, she sailed from Toulon to Genoa, being part of a division under Julien Cosmao. On 13, she was engaged by three British ships of the line, notably HMS Boyne and HMS Caledonia, and managed to escape to Toulon by sailing close to the coast to avoid being surrounded.


Combat du Vaisseau francais le Romulus Contre trois Vaisseaux anglois a l'entree de la rade de Toulon, 13 Fevrier 1814. Galrie Histque de Versailles (PAD5845)

By 1821, she had been razéed into a frigate, and renamed Guerrière. She was captained by Commander Jean-Léon Émeric.

She was eventually broken up in 1840.


Fight of the Romulus, on display at Toulon Naval museum. Awarded a 2nd class medal at the Salon de Paris of 1848





HMS Boyne was a 98-gun Boyne class second rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, launched on 3 July 1810 at Portsmouth.



On 12 February 1814 she took part with HMS Caledonia in a hot action against the French line-of-battle ship Romulus off Toulon; the French 74 managed to escape to Toulon by sailing close to the coast to avoid being surrounded.

In 1834 she was renamed HMS Excellent and became a training ship. Excellent was broken up in 1861.


Scale: 1:48. Plan showing the body plan, sheer lines, and longitudinal half-breadth for 'Boyne' (1810), and later for 'Union' (1811), both 98-gun Second Rate, three-deckers. The plan records alterations in 1807 to the lower deck line. The plan was later altered and ordered to be used for building 'Royal Adelaide' [under her original name of 'London'] (1828) and 'Princess Charlotte' (1825), prior to the order to increase their breadth and length. They were eventually launched as 110-gun First Rate, three-decker. Signed by John Henslow [Surveyor of the Navy, 1784-1806] and William Rule [Surveyor of the Navy, 1793-1813].

The Boyne-class ships of the line of 1810 were a class of two 98-gun second rates, built to the draught of HMS Victory.

Ships

• HMS Boyne

Builder: Portsmouth Dockyard
Ordered: 25 June 1801
Launched: 3 July 1810
Fate: Broken up, 1861

• HMS Union

Builder: Plymouth Dockyard
Ordered: 13 July 1801
Launched: 15 November 1811
Fate: Broken up, 1833


Scale: 1:16. A model of the starboard stern of HMS Boyne (1810) as completed, made entirely in wood and painted in realistic colours. The hull is painted black with three broad off-white stripes running just above the three gun decks and ochre highlighting of the stern and quarter decoration. Ten broadside gunports are shown without port lids, the inside faces painted red. One stern gunport is shown beneath the counter. There are three apertures, one in each of the three stern galleries, possibly gunports. Nine stern gallery windows are shown, three on each deck, all with nine lights with painted glazing and frames. Two ornately carved balustrades separate the three galleries. All five decks are shown and all, apart from the orlop deck, have the principle deck beams and knees to support them. Number '6' is inscribed on the stern (now missing). This is one of a pair of half models which fit together to form a complete stern section.


HMS Caledonia was a 120-gun first-rate ship of the line of the Royal Navy, launched on 25 June 1808 at Plymouth.[1] She was Admiral Pellew's flagship in the Mediterranean.




Scale: 1:48. Plan showing the body plan, stern board outline with decoration detail, sheer lines with inboard detail, decoration and figurehead, and longitudinal half-breadth for Caledonia (1808), a 120-gun First Rate, three-decker, as built and launched at Plymouth Dockyard.

Construction
The Admiralty orders for Caledonia's construction were issued in November 1794, for a 100-gun vessel measuring approximately 2,600 tons burthen. There were considerable delays in obtaining dockyard facilities and in assembling a workforce, and actual building did not commence until 1805 when the keel was laid down at Plymouth Dockyard. By this time the designs had also been amended to stipulate construction of a 120-gun vessel of 2,6165⁄94 tons. When completed to this new design in 1808, Caledonia entered Royal Navy service as the largest and most heavily armed vessel of the time.


HMS Caledonia, 120 guns, lying in Plymouth Sound


Scale: 1:48. Sectional model of the 'Caledonia' (1808), a 120 gun three-decker ship of the line. Model is decked and is one of two longitudinal half models which together forms a full hull model. SLR0120 is the port half, which depicts the method of construction in practice before adoption of the system introduced by Sir Robert Seppings. This is the starboard half, which shows improvements and modifications made by Seppings, about 1814.


Scale: 1:48. A contemporary sectional model of the 'Caledonia' (1808), a 120-gun three-decker ship of the line, built plank on frame in the Georgian style.

Active service
Caledonia proved to be a very successful ship, and it was said that 'This fine three-decker rides easy at her anchors, carries her lee ports well, rolls and pitches quite easy, generally carries her helm half a turn a-weather, steers, works and stays remarkably well, is a weatherly ship, and lies-to very close.' She was 'allowed by all hands to be faultless'. In later years she was to become the standard design for British three-deckers.

On 12 February 1814 she took part with HMS Boyne in action against the French ship of the line Romulus off Toulon; the French vessel managed to escape to Toulon by sailing close to the coast to avoid being surrounded.

In 1831 she was part of the Experimental Squadron of the Channel Fleet under Sir Edward Codrington. On 12 September that year she took part in an experiment whereby she was towed by the frigate HMS Galatea by means of hand-worked paddles alone.

In 1856 she was converted to a hospital ship, renamed Dreadnought and became the second floating Dreadnought Seamen's Hospital at Greenwich, where she remained until 1870. In 1871 she was briefly returned to service to accommodate patients recovering from the smallpox epidemic of that year. She was broken up in 1875.


Photographic portrait of Caledonia



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Boyne_(1810)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Caledonia_(1808)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_ship_Romulus_(1812)
https://collections.rmg.co.uk/colle...el-297420;browseBy=vessel;vesselFacetLetter=B
https://collections.rmg.co.uk/colle...el-299461;browseBy=vessel;vesselFacetLetter=C

 

[Uwek]

Today in Naval History - Naval / Maritime Events in History
13 February 1831 – Death of Edward Berry, English admiral (b. 1768)


Rear Admiral Sir Edward Berry, 1st Baronet, KCB (1768 – 13 February 1831) was an officer in Britain's Royal Navy primarily known for his role as flag captain of Rear Admiral Horatio Nelson's ship HMS Vanguard at the Battle of the Nile. prior to his knighthood in 1798. He had a long and prestigious naval career and also commanded HMS Agamemnon at the Battle of Trafalgar.



Early life and naval career
Berry was born in 1768, the son of a London merchant who died at an early age leaving a widow, 5 daughters and 2 sons in perilous financial circumstances. His early education was provided by his uncle, the Rev. Titus Berry, in Norwich. It was under the patronage of one of Titus Berry's former pupils Lord Mulgrave, that in 1779 Berry entered the Navy as a volunteer aboard the Burford, at the age of 10.



Service in the French Revolutionary Wars

Captain Edward Berry, 1799

As a reward for his gallantry in boarding a French ship, Berry was promoted to Lieutenant on 20 January 1794 and in May 1796 was appointed to HMS Agamemnon with Captain Nelson, whom he followed upon his move to HMS Captain in June. He soon won his commander's esteem, and in a letter to Admiral Sir John Jervis, Nelson wrote, 'I have as far as I have seen every reason to be satisfied with him [Berry], both as a gentleman and an officer'. On sending Nelson's report to the Admiralty, Jervis added 'Lieutenant Edward Berry, of whom the Commodore writes so highly, is a protégé of mine and I know him to be an officer of talents, great courage and laudable ambition'. Indeed, whilst Nelson was ashore during the siege of Porto Ferrajo, Berry commanded the ship in such a way as to make him the subject of his captain's 'fullest approbation', and he received the rank of Commander on 12 November 1796.

Whilst awaiting a posting he remained aboard HMS Captain during the Battle of Cape St Vincent in February 1797. Although Berry had no specific duties during the battle, he again displayed his courage when Nelson came alongside the Spanish ship San Nicholas and gave orders to board her. Wrote Nelson, 'The first man who jumped into the enemy's mizzen-chains was Captain Berry, late my first lieutenant; he was supported from our spritsail-yard, which hooked in the mizzen-rigging... Having pushed on to the quarter-deck, I found Captain Berry in possession of the poop, and the Spanish Ensign hauling down'.

In October of the same year Nelson was invested as a Knight of the Bath, accompanied on the occasion by Berry. When the King remarked upon the loss of Nelson's right arm, he wittily replied, indicating Berry, "But not my right hand, your majesty". It was agreed between them that when Nelson next hoisted his flag, Berry would be his Flag Captain.

With word of French plans to occupy Egypt, Nelson wrote to Berry in late 1797, 'If you mean to marry, I would recommend your doing it speedily, or the to-be Mrs. Berry will have very little of your company, for I am well, and you may expect to be called for every hour'. On 12 December Berry was indeed married to his cousin, Louisa Forster, and a week later appointed as Flag Captain of HMS Vanguard.

The Battle of the Nile and afterward


Captain Edward Berry catching Nelsonas he falls wounded at the Battle of the Nile.

On 1 August 1798 the campaign culminated in the decisive Battle of the Nile, at Aboukir Bay. During this, Nelson was struck on the head by a piece of flying langrage and fell, bleeding heavily, only to be caught by Captain Berry, to whom he uttered the words "I am killed. Remember me to my wife". His wound was slight, however, and he escaped with mild concussion. He was well enough that evening to witness the shattering explosion of the French battleship L'Orient. Only 4 of the 17 major French ships escaped destruction or capture and with French losses six times greater than those of the British, it was a triumphant victory.

After the battle, Thomas Hardy, commander of the corvette HMS Mutine, was promoted to captain of HMS Vanguard, and Berry embarked for Britain in HMS Leander, carrying Nelson's despatches. During the voyage, however, the Leander was accosted and captured by one of the two surviving French ships, the 74-gun Généreux, and Berry was severely wounded by a flying fragment of another man's skull, which was "driven through his arm". It was a bloody and courageous battle, as described by one of the main-deck gunners, Tim Stewart: "We fired everything at [the French] we could get hold of—crow-bars, nails, and all sorts... We killed nearly three hundred of them before we surrendered, and our brave captain ordered our colours to be hauled down."

As a result of his capture, Berry did not reach England until December, at which point the news of the Battle of the Nile had already been received. However, he wrote in a letter that upon his return to Norwich, "the people received me with mad joy. In short, I'm so great a man that I'm very in and out everywhere to the great annoyance of my pocket and distress of my feelings." Berry's account of the Battle, titled Authentic Narrative of the proceedings of his Majesty's squadron under the command of the Rear-Admiral Sir Horatio Nelson... drawn up from the minutes of an officer of rank in the squadron was subsequently published in The Sun and The True Britonnewspapers, and became a bestseller in pamphlet form. Britain revelled in Nile memorabilia, including ceramic jugs embossed with reliefs of Nelson and Berry—'Heroes of the Nile'. On 12 December he was knighted and given the Freedom of the City of London. The ornate gold and enamel presentation box is part of the collection of the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich.

In the spring of 1799 he was appointed to HMS Foudroyant and sent to assist in the blockade of Malta. Here he assisted in the capture of Guillaume Tell and Généreux, the two French ships that escaped the Battle of the Nile, the latter being his own former captor.

On 30 March, Berry wrote to Nelson from the Foudroyant, "My very dear Lord, had you been a partaker with me of the glory, every wish would have been gratified. How very often I went into your cabin, last night, to ask if we were doing right; for, I had nothing to act upon!..." This goes some way towards illustrating Berry's dependence upon Nelson and perhaps helps to explain his failure to cultivate a more successful later career. Nelson himself confided in a letter to his wife Frances a few months earlier, "I shall be worn to death by being obliged to fag and think of those things which... excellent Captain Hardy takes entirely from me." There is no doubting Berry's supreme gallantry and general amiability, but he had a certain reputation for blustering foolhardiness. It was Thomas Hardy and not Berry who would become Nelson's indispensable right-hand man.

The following June, the Foudroyant carried the Queen of Naples from Palermo to Livorno, but a short time later Berry returned to England.

Later actions
It was five years before Berry again took significant command. His failure to obtain a posting had left him feeling restless and somewhat slighted by the Admiralty, "A man's standing in the Service and his reputation all goes for nought," he wrote bitterly. It fell to Nelson to placate him, "It is vexing to be unemployed at such a moment, but it is useless to fret oneself to death when the folks aloft don't care a pin about it." It took a change of leadership in the Admiralty to present Berry with the chance of another commission. Nelson: "I sincerely hope, now that a change has taken place, that you will get a ship. I attribute none of the tyrannical conduct of the late Board to Lord St Vincent... he was dreadfully ill-advised."

The end to Berry's yearnings came on his arrival at Trafalgar in 1805, captain of HMS Agamemnon. "Here comes that fool Berry! Now we shall have a battle," exclaimed Nelson. Berry had rather a reputation as a fighter, though perhaps not as a master tactician, "Captain Codrington of HMS Orion found some wry amusement in seeing Berry in the Agamemnon blazing away for all he was worth, apparently at friend and foe alike", notes Oliver Warner in A Portrait of Lord Nelson. "It was typical of Berry's luck that, having long and restlessly awaited a new ship, he should have been given the Agamemnon, before having the infinite happiness of joining Nelson on the eve of his greatest battle." After a close escape from capture on her outward voyage, the Agamemnon had no particular opportunities for distinction at Trafalgar, and escaped the mêlée without heavy losses, engaging with the Santissima Trinidad and Admiral Dumanoir's division in the closing stages of the fight. At the battle's close, Berry took to his ship's boat in order to speak to Nelson on the Victory but by the time he arrived Nelson had just died, an unfortunate piece of timing which Berry would regret for the rest of his life.

In 1806 Captain Berry fought in the Agamemnon at the battle of San Domingo, being highly praised for his actions. That same year he became a baronet and he remained in sea service throughout the war, subsequently commanding Sceptre during 1811, Barfleur the following year and one of the Royal Yachts.

Later career and last years
He bought a house in Norwich in 1814. On 2 January 1815 he was made a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath and on 19 July 1821 he became a Rear Admiral. During these years, despite constant entreaties to the Admiralty, he never took up further important postings. However, his record can be seen as exceptional. He was, with Nelson and Collingwood, one of only three Royal Naval officers to receive three Naval Gold Medals, having commanded a line-of-battle ship in the Battle of the Nile, Trafalgar and San Domingo. Following several years of severe illness and extreme debility, he died on 13 February 1831 at his residence in Bath and was buried in a nearby churchyard where his grave can still be seen. Since he left no children, his baronetcy became extinct with his death.



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Berry

 

[Uwek]

Today in Naval History - Naval / Maritime Events in History
13 February 1848 - The first german ship with immigrants, the Goddefroy, arrives in Australia. Many of those on board, the so called fourty-eighters, were political refugees.


The Forty-Eighters were Europeans who participated in or supported the revolutions of 1848 that swept Europe. In the German states, the Forty-Eighters favored unification of the German people, a more democratic government, and guarantees of human rights. Disappointed at the failure of the revolution to bring about the reform of the system of government in Germany or the Austrian Empire and sometimes on the government's wanted list because of their involvement in the revolution, they gave up their old lives to try again abroad. Many emigrated to the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia after the revolutions failed. These emigrants included Germans, Czechs, Hungarians, and others. Many were respected and politically active, wealthy, and well-educated. A large number went on to be very successful in their new countries.

In 1848, the first non-British ship carrying immigrants to arrive in Victoria was from Germany; the Goddefroy, on February 13. Many of those on board were political refugees. Some Germans also travelled to Australia via London. In April 1849 the Beulah was the first ship to bring assisted German vinedresser families to NSW. The second ship, the Parland left London on 13 March 1849, and arrived in Sydney on 5 July 1849

The Princess Louise left Hamburg March 26 of 1849, in the spring, bound for South Australia via Rio de Janeiro. The voyage took 135 days which was considered slow but nevertheless the Princess Louise berthed at Port Adelaide on August 7, 1849 with 161 emigres, including Johann Friedrich Mosel. Johann, born in 1827 in Berlin in the duchy of Brandenburg had taken three weeks to travel from his home to the departure point of the 350 tonne vessel at Hamburg. This voyage had been well planned by two of the founding passengers, brothers Richard and Otto Schomburgk who had been implicated in the revolution. Otto had been jailed in 1847 for his activities as a student revolutionary. The brothers along with others including Frau von Kreussler and D. Meucke formed a migration group, the South Australian Colonisation Society, one of many similar groups forming throughout Germany at the time. Sponsored by the scientist geologist Leopold von Buch, the society chartered the Princess Louise to sail to South Australia. The passengers were mainly middle-class professionals, academics, musicians, artists, architects, engineers, artisans and apprentices, and were among the core of liberal radicals, disillusioned with events in Germany.


Klemzig, the first German settlement in Australia (now a suburb of Adelaide), painted by George French Angas in 1846

Many Germans became vintners or worked in the wine industry; others founded Lutheran churches. By 1860, for example, about 70 German families lived in Germantown, Victoria. (When World War I broke out, the town was renamed Grovedale.) In Adelaide, a German Club was founded in 1854 which played a major role in society.

Notable Australian Forty-Eighters

• Carl Linger, the conductor and composer who wrote the tune for Caroline Carleton's The Song of Australia
• Dr Moritz Richard Schomburgk, later director of the Adelaide Botanical Gardens
• Hermann Büring, in the wine industry
• Friedrich Krichauff, Chairman of the Agricultural Bureau

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forty-Eighters
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_Australians
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/German_settlement_in_Australia

 

[Uwek]

Today in Naval History - Naval / Maritime Events in History
13 February 1857 - SS Tempest – While on a return trip from New York to Glasgow that left 13 February 1857, the steamship Tempest vanished with 150 on board.


SS Tempest was the first ship of the Line belonging to Scottish brothers Nicol and Robert Handyside and Captain Thomas Henderson. The 214-foot (65 m), 866-ton ship was built as a sail-ship by Sandeman & McLaurin of Glasgow and launched on 21 December 1854. On 3 April 1855 Henderson began a maiden voyage from Glasgow to Bombay.



The Line decided to begin transatlantic service between Glasgow and New York City with Tempest. She was converted to a screw steamship with the fitting, by Randolf and Elder, of 150 horsepower (110 kW) engines in 1856. Her first passage left Glasgow on 11 October 1856; sailing from New York on 19 November, she returned to Glasgow after a 28-day crossing.

Her second journey departed Glasgow 27 December, mastered by Capt James Morris, with cargo and 50 passengers. She arrived in New York on 1 February. She sailed eastward on 13 February 1857 with crew, cargo and one passenger aboard. She vanished without a trace. Her fate remains an unsolved mystery to this day along with the 150 people that were on board.

Two other ships of the Line disappeared at sea; United Kingdom in 1869 and Ismailia in 1873


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SS_Tempest

 

[Uwek]

Today in Naval History - Naval / Maritime Events in History
13 February 1858 – Launch of HMS Challenger, a steam-assisted Royal Navy Pearl-class corvette


HMS Challenger was a steam-assisted Royal Navy Pearl-class corvette launched on 13 February 1858 at the Woolwich Dockyard. She was the flagship of the Australia Station between 1866 and 1870.




Scale: 1:48. Plan showing the body plan with half-stern board outline, sheer lines, and longitudinal half-breadth proposed (and approved) for building Challenger (1858), Racoon (1857), and Clio (1858), all 20-gun corvettes with covered decks built on the lines of Pearl (1855). Signed by Captain Sir Baldwin W. Walker [Surveyor of the Navy, 1848-1860] Signed by John Edye [Assistant Surveyor of the Navy?] Signed by Isaac Watts [Assistant Surveyor of the Navy] Initialled by James Graff [Draughtsman, First Class]?

As part of the North America and West Indies Station she took part in 1862 in operations against Mexico, including the occupation of Veracruz. Assigned as the flagship of Australia Station in 1866 and in 1868 undertook a punitive operation against some Fijian natives to avenge the murder of a missionary and some of his dependents. She left the Australian Station in late 1870.

She was picked to undertake the first global marine research expedition: the Challenger expedition. The Challenger carried a complement of 243 officers, scientists and crew when she embarked on her 68,890-nautical-mile (127,580 km) journey.

The United States Space Shuttle Challenger was named after the ship. Her figurehead is on display in the foyer of the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton.


Painting of Challenger by William Frederick Mitchell

1873–1876: Grand tour
Main article: Challenger expedition
The Challenger Expedition was a grand tour of the world covering 68,000 nautical miles (125,936 km) organized by the Royal Society in collaboration with the University of Edinburgh. Charles Thomson was the leader of a large scientific team.

• Captains: George Nares (1873 and 1874) and Charles Wyville Thomson (1875 and 1876)
• Naturalists: Charles Wyville Thomson (1830–1882), Henry Nottidge Moseley (1844–1891) and Rudolf von Willemoes-Suhm (1847–1875)
• Oceanographers: John Young Buchanan (1844–1925) and John Murray (1841–1914)
• Publications: C.W. Thomson, Report on the scientific results of the voyage of HMS Challenger during the years 1873-76… prepared under the superintendence of the late Sir C. Wyville Thomson,... and now of John Murray,... (fifty volumes, London, 1880–1895). H.N. Moseley, Notes by a naturalist on the Challenger (1879). W.J.J. Spry, The cruise of the Challenger (1876).

To enable her to probe the depths, all but two of Challenger's guns had been removed and her spars reduced to make more space available. Laboratories, extra cabins and a special dredging platform were installed. She was loaded with specimen jars, alcohol for preservation of samples, microscopes and chemical apparatus, trawls and dredges, thermometers and water sampling bottles, sounding leads and devices to collect sediment from the sea bed and great lengths of rope with which to suspend the equipment into the ocean depths. In all she was supplied with 181 miles (291 km) of Italian hemp for sounding, trawling and dredging.

The Challenger's crew was the first to sound the deepest part of the ocean, thereafter named the Challenger Deep.


Scale: 1:48. Plan showing the hold, and sections through Stations 30, 26, 14, 6, Y, O, and X for Challenger (1858), a 20-gun corvette, as fitted for the scientific circumnavigation between 1872-1876. The plan was examined by J B Huddy. Signed by Alfred B Sturdee [Chief Constructor, Sheerness Dockyard, 1866-?] Signed by William G. Luard, C.B. [Captain Superintendent, Sheerness Dockyard, 1870-?]

Later service history
She was commissioned as a Coast Guard and Royal Naval Reserve training ship at Harwich in July 1876.

In 1878 Challenger went through an overhaul by the Chief Constructor at Chatham Dockyard with a view to converting the vessel into a training ship for boys of the Royal Navy. She was found suitable and it was planned to take the place of HMS Eurydice which sank off the Isle of Wight on 24 March 1878. The Admiralty did not go ahead with the conversion and she remained in reserve until 1883, when she was converted into a receiving hulk in the River Medway, where she stayed until she was sold to J B Garnham on 6 January 1921 and broken up for her copper bottom in 1921.

Nothing, apart from her figurehead, now remains. This is kept at the National Oceanography Centre, Southampton.


Scale: 1:48. Plan showing the profile illustrating the inboard details for Challenger (1858), a 20-gun corvette, as fitted as survey ship for the scientific circumnavigation between 1872-1876. The plan was examined by J B Huddy. Signed by Alfred B Sturdee [Master Shipwright, Sheerness Dockyard, 1866-?] Signed and forwarded by Charles M Aynsley [Captain Superintendent, Sheerness Dockyard, 1870-?] Signed by T.W. Taylor, Exd W. Muddy.


Scale: 1:192. An Office copy of a plan showing the sail profile for Challenger (1858), a 20-gun corvette, as fitted for 'Special Service', the scientific circumnavigation between 1872 and 1876.


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Challenger_(1858)
https://collections.rmg.co.uk/colle...el-301425;browseBy=vessel;vesselFacetLetter=C