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American Ship Building

Dave Stevens (Lumberyard)

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Way back in the 1980s i was a volunteer at the Inland Seas Maritime Museum and had access to areas off limits to the public. Up in the attic there was a room full of rolls of ship drawings. I would spend entire afternoons unrolling and looking at these hand drawn pen and ink ship plans. The collection was moved to a warehouse and from there to Bowling Green University where they were cataloged and micro filmed. What ever happened to the original drawings my guess they are someplace in storage. After the archiving of the plan collection the museum staff and volunteers were offered a copy of the "orange book" which listed all the plans.

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The primary component of this collection is naval architectural drawings produced by the company, its predecessors, and subsidiaries. Post-1900 sets tend to be more complete than earlier sets of drawings. Nearly all types of wooden and steel vessels built on the Great Lakes between 1870 and 1981 are represented. The Center for Archival Collections holds many of the original drawings extending up to 1981. Other corporate records such as minutes, correspondence, specifications, reports, and financials are present.
By the late 1890s, the Great Lakes was saturated with shipyards. Competition was plentliful and fierce, causing ever-decreasing prices by different shipbuilding interests in order to gain market share. By 1899, the low prices resulted in consistent losses and razor-thin profit margins. In order to combat this, representatives from Cleveland Shipbuilding Company, Ship Owners' Dry Dock Company, Detroit Shipbuilding Company (created by the merger of Dry Dock Engine Works, the Detroit Dry Dock Company, and the Detroit Sheet Metal and Brass Works), and Globe Iron Works met in New York City to discuss a merger of their companies. The incorporation of the new consolidated entity, American Shipbuilding Company (AmShip), was made official on March 16, 1899. In 1900, three more companies were merged into AmShip: Superior Shipbuilding Company of Superior, Wisconsin; Toledo Shipbuilding Company of Toledo; and West Bay City Shipbuilding Company of Bay City, Michigan. AmShip also expanded through the leasing of other yards.
In 1900, AmShip began leasing the facilities of Union Dry Dock Company of Buffalo, renaming it Buffalo Dry Dock Company. The Buffalo yard was purchased outright in 1914.
World War I brought great prosperity and profits to the company, as well as many other shipyards across the country. However, this was shortlived as the demand for new vessels dropped precipitously after the armistice. AmShip was able to make do with vessel repairs and a reduced number of orders for new vessels. This persisted through the Great Depression, as well, which caused lean years in most sectors of the world economy. With the onset of World War II, AmShip's construction contracts skyrocketed, producing military and civilian vessels for the war effort. Demand was so high that AmShip was asked to manage the newly-created Delta Shipbuilding Company in New Orleans, one of eight emergency yards commissioned by the United States Shipping Board to produce Liberty ships. The Delta yard was closed at the end of the war. AmShip reached number 21 on the list of most lucrative government contracts during World War II.
The American Shipbuilding Company reached its peak in the postwar economic boom. Gradually, business waned as production of steel overseas increased and undercut the U.S. market. With steel plants being the primary customers of the Great Lakes bulk carrier fleet, the number of vessels gradually dwindled in the 1960s and 1970s. Even so, AmShip built five of the so-called "thousand footers" that are currently still in service. AmShip's last hull, the William J. De Lancey (currently named the Paul R. Tregurtha), was launched in 1981. The Steinbrenner family, who had obtained a controlling interest in AmShip in the 1960s following its merger with Kinsman Marine Transit Company, sparred with the unions staffing the shipyards in an effort to reduce costs. The most notable figure from the Steinbrenner family who was involved was Henry, who would go on to own the New York Yankees. After strikes at the Chicago, Toledo, and Lorain yards in the early 1980s, AmShip closed all remaining Great Lakes facilities and moved operations to Tampa, Florida. AmShip went into bankruptcy proceedings in 1993, and was sold off in 1995.
The disposition of AmShip's subsidiaries is as follows:
The Bay City yard was closed in 1908 after the construction of the W. R. Woodford.
After performing mainly repair work in the decades after World War I, AmShip Buffalo was closed in 1962.
The Chicago yard was shutdown in the late 1970s.
Detroit Shipbuilding Company performed its last fitting-out work in 1924 and was closed in 1929. Some of the original buildings are still standing at the foot of Orleans Street in Detroit.
AmShip Superior was sold off in 1955 after performing mainly vessel repairs. It still exists today as Fraser Shipyards.
AmShip Toledo was closed in the 1980s. The yard today is operated by Ironhead Marine.

American Ship Building Company
American Steel Barge Company (Duluth, Minn.)
Chicago Ship Building Company
Craig Ship Building Company (Toledo, Ohio)
Delta Shipbuilding Company
Detroit Dry Dock Company
Globe Iron Works
Union Dry Dock Company
West Bay City Shipbuilding Company
Pusey and Jones Company
Dry Dock Engine Works (Detroit, Mich.)


The Great Lakes region is a treasure of ship building going back to August 7, 1679, a small ship named Le Griffon (The Griffon) that had been built under the direction of famous explorer of the New World René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, was towed to a point on the Niagara River from which it became the first European sailing vessel worthy of the designation “ship” to ever sail the Great Lakes.

there are 226 pages of ship names with an average of 6 ships per page listing 1,356 ships. Many of the plan sets are incomplete or NA not available. There are wok boats, schooners, passenger ships, car ferry, light ships, pile drivers, barges, whale backs, bulk freighters, yachts and more. Wood, iron and steel ships.

let's explore this archive
 
Fantastic!

I know the the archives at Bowling Green State University in Bowling Green, Ohio has most of AmShips drawings and archives. An amazing resource for those of us who are interested in early great lakes shipping and even for shipyard drawings to build models from - I have got a few sets of plans from them. I believe they also have most of the "stuff" from Great Lakes Engineering Works after they were shuttered as well (they built the Edmund Fitzgerald).

I wish I knew similar resources existed, and where to find them, in relation to Canadian great lakes yards. The 80's also pretty much signaled the end of shipbuilding on the Canadian side of the lakes with the big builder in Collingwood, Ontario closing, as well as Port Weller Dry Docks in St. Catharines - near lock 1 on the Welland Canal. I have heard the Great Lakes Museum in Kingston, ON (another former shipbuilding centre) may have a ton of drawings in their archives, but it's like pulling teeth getting any information from them.
 
i have never built a model of an iron or steel ship so i assume they are built as a solid hull or bulkhead planked over. I do see in the plan listing the "expansion drawing" my guess this is the layout of the hull plating.
 
lets take a look at a page the numbers you see after the drawing 1 to 10 are the type of drawing

Western Shipbuilding & dry Dock company has 63 ships listed and 180 drawings. Where a drawing is missing from one ship another ship of the same type and size can be used. Some sets of drawings were used for multiple ships.

1 out board profile
2 inside profile
3 lines
4 offsets
5 mid section
6 deck
7 cabin arrangement
8 shell expansion
9 rudder
10 unique drawing i do.t know what that means



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What you will not find are drawings for steam engines, i wanted to do a diorama of an engine room but so far have not found a set of engine drawings. I do not think shipyards did engine building, steam engines were a separate industry.
 
i have never built a model of an iron or steel ship so i assume they are built as a solid hull or bulkhead planked over. I do see in the plan listing the "expansion drawing" my guess this is the layout of the hull plating.
I have tried 2 different options:

1: Solid block of basswood (hard to find in my area now). Easy to shape to match the drawings - and unless you are doing a cutout section you don't really need it to be hollow. I built the 740ft Algoma Strongfield at 1/200 scale and this model ended up being quite heavy. But...it is a static display model in my home. Depending on how picky you are, or how true to the steel look you want, will decide on how you treat the hull before painting. This is also true for option 2.

2: Recently my builds have been basswood floor with balsa strips for the sides and thin basswood for the spar deck. Again.....with no cutouts this isn't really necessary, but it allows you to run led lighting for the deck lights and other lighting, and also really brings down the weight of your finished build. I suppose this also gives you the option to go the RC route.
 
My family has been connected to the Great Lakes off and on for nearly 100 years. My father worked as a draftsman for American Shipbuilding in the late 1920’s in a successful effort to earn money to complete an engineering degree. Later he built a L. Francis Herreshoff designed sailboat that we sailed for several years on Lake Erie. Many years later he and my mother moved to Vermilion, Ohio where the old Inland Seas Museum sat on a hill across the lagoon from their house. Like Dave, when the museum received AmShip’s collection of ink on linen drawings my father and I visited the museum where the curator unrolled some of the drawings for us. At that time there was no interest by the museum for printing plan sets for ship model building.

Several years later I became aware that plan sets were now available for selected vessels and I acquired a set of for the SS Benjamin Noble. As a“canal sized” vessel, I could build a model of a Great Lakes ship at a reasonable scale (1:96), without having to cede living space.

Yes, it is a solid hull model, with lines I drew by hand from the original shipyard table of offsets. The hull is plated, closely following the shipyard’s plating expansion drawing. I do have a build log here on SOS but have not posted lately because at the present time I am making tiny parts for the six steam winch’s required; each a separate model in and of itself.

When I bought the plans, I didn’t realize that my career would soon take me from a town on the banks of the Ohio River River to an office on the Duluth, MN Harbor that SS Benjamin Noble was trying to reach when she vanished 20 miles away during a violent Lake Superior spring storm.

Roger

Me aboard my parents’ boat 1950

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SS Benjamin Noble

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as an example, let's take the NORONIC number 6 on the above list and type the name into the Bowling Green archive and this is what you get

the NORONIC has a complete set of plans

so as you go through the orange book and look for a type of vessel and what plans are available then go to the archive for an image of the vessel and information.



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Registry and Rig Information
Name NORONIC
Registry CANADA
Official Number 134014
Rig Propeller
Dimensions and Tonnage
Length 362.00
Width 52.00
Depth 24.66
Gross Tonnage 6905.00
Net Tonnage 3935.00
Hull Material Steel
Hull Number 00006
Vessel History
History When vessel came out, she was found to roll easily; owners would not accept the vessel until the issue was corrected. Frank E. Kirby and others were called in as consultants. The vessel was busselled to alleviate problem.
Disposition Caught fire at dock, Toronto, Ontario, on September 17, 1949, and burned. One hundred thirty nine lives lost, though figure varies slightly. Hull raised and removed to Hamilton, Ontario, on October 29, 1949, where it was cut up for scrap by Steel Co. of Canada, Ltd.
Build Information
Builder Western Shipbuilding & Dry Dock Co., Ltd.
Place Built Port Arthur, Ontario
Date Built 1913-00-00
Source
Source HCGL
Vessel Owners
Name Begin Date End Date Registry Official Number
Canada Steamship Lines, Ltd. 1913-00-00 1949-00-00 CANADA 134014
 
i do not think the orange book is actually published it was for museums, archives, libraries i do not see a copyright on my book. So how to make it available ? the only way is to take the scans and create a PDF file. posting 226 pages is a little much.
 
the only way is to take the scans and create a PDF file. posting 226 pages is a little much.
Volunteers?? If you don't want to take a chance of sending it out, if you scanmed only 3 pages a day, it will only take about 2 1/2 months. :) Don't you love when strangers find things to take up your time? :) I get it though. I have downloaded the 800 high resolution plans from the Wiki RMG site but cannot figure a way to make them available to everyone easily and for free as the collection I put together. which also has some contracts thrown in. is over 40GB. Is there a way to do this on the SoS site?
Loving this topic, thanks for starting it.
Allan
 
There is also a CD listing AmShip Archival Material. The then director of the SS Meteor Museum Ship gave me a copy.

I remember when Noronic burned. The variations in lives lost may be due to the fact that the ship was popular with weekend travelers involved in “informal” romantic relationships.

Roger
 
What you will not find are drawings for steam engines, i wanted to do a diorama of an engine room but so far have not found a set of engine drawings. I do not think shipyards did engine building, steam engines were a separate industry.

Yes, steam plants were generally built by subcontracted engine and boiler manufacturers and installed by the shipyards. (A notable exception being the Herreshoff Manufacturing Company, of Bristol, RI, which designed and manufactured cutting edge steam engines to Nathaniel Herreshoff's designs until Nat Herreshoff's steam plant manufacturing license was terminated following the explosion of a boiler which he pushed beyond its limits by tying off the safety pressure relief valve during sea trials killed a fireman. See: https://www.herreshoff.info/Docs/P00150_Say_When.htm, "Documents, L. Francis Herreshoff")

The classic example was the triple-expansion reciprocating steam engines for the Liberty Ships. These were based on an original British design (introduced by SS Aberdeen in 1882) and were manufactured by a number of existing ironworks pressed into war production throughout the United States during WWII. (See list below.) Because the nation's high-tolerance machining resources were entirely occupied with naval contracts for high-speed steam turbine engines for combat craft (introduced by the Royal Navy's famous Turbinia in 1894), the Liberty ships were powered with obsolete design triple-expansion steam engines that could only power them at a maximum speed of about 11 knots on bunker-C crude oil. Aside from their radically new all-welded construction, the Liberty ships were basically turn-of-the-century tramp steamer technology. The simplicity of their reciprocating piston steam engines, however, made them able to be manufactured to lower machining tolerances by ironworks which did not possess the high tolerance machinery necessary to manufacture the modern turbine engines but were capable of retooling to produce reciprocating steam engines.

Engine Makers for Liberty Ships


Alabama Marine Engine CompanyBirmingham, AL
American Shipbuilding CompanyCleveland, OH
Canadian Allis-Chalmers Ltd.Montreal, Canada
Clark Bros. CompanyCleveland, OH
Dominion Engineering Works LtdMontreal, Canada
Ellicott Machine CorporationBaltimore, MD
Filer & Stowell CompanyMilwaukee, WI
General Machinery CorporationHamilton, OH
Hamilton Engineering WorksBrunswick, GA
Harrisburg Machinery CorporationHarrisburg, PA
Iron Fireman Manufacturing CompanyPortland, OR
Joshua Hendy IronworksSunnyvale, CA
John Inglis Company LtdToronto, Canada
National Transit CompanyOil City, PA
Oregon War Industries Inc.Portland, OR
Springfield Machine & Foundry CompanySpringfield, MA
Toledo Shipbuilding Company Inc.Toledo, OH
Vulcan Iron WorksWilkes-Barre, PA
Willamerte Iron & Steel CorporationPortland, OR
Worthington Pump & Machinery CorporationHarrison, NJ

[Rare gun wonks will find the above odd list of wartime manufacturers reminiscent of the wartime "plowshares to swords" manufacturing programs that created 1911A1 .45 pistols made by the Singer Sewing Machine Company, Remington Rand Typewriter Company, and Union Switch and Signal (railroad equipment) Company, and M1 carbines made by Underwood Typewriter Company, IBM Company, National Postal Meter Company, and Rock-Ola Jukebox Company!]

If you can locate the archived records of one of these steam engine companies local to you, the drawings for the Liberty triple expansion steam plants may well be conveniently accessed there.

The Joshua Hendy Ironworks of Sunnyvale, CA (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joshua_Hendy_Iron_Works) supplied the engines for 754 of America's 2,751 Liberty ships, or about 28% of the total - more than that of any other plant in the country, and the main engines of all Tacoma-class frigates (2 per ship) built on the West Coast, by Consolidated Steel in Wilmington and 12 by Kaiser Shipyards in Richmond plus 15 more built by Great Lakes shipyards and 7 in Rhode Island. In addition, the company in the late stages of the war produced 53 steam turbines and reduction gears for the more modern Victory ships.

The original Joshua Hendy Ironworks, which carried its founder's name forward through the War, although under new ownership, being bought out of bankruptcy by a very shrewd investor on the eve of hostilities, thereafter, turning it into one of the largest and most profitable wartime government contractors at an amazing profit, has as of the present morphed through various acquisitions including Westinghouse Electric to now be Northrup Grumman Marine Systems, still one of the largest and most profitable government contractors in the nation. Declared a National Landmark in 1978, the Northrop Grumman Corporation, Marine Systems facility in Sunnyvale, California now occupies the historic site of the Joshua Hendy Iron Works and sponsors the "Iron Man Museum," also known as the "Hendy Ironworks Museum." The museum was established in 1984 to collect, preserve, and display artifacts, archives, and the photographic history of the Joshua Hendy Iron Works, Westinghouse Electric Corporation, and Northrop Grumman Corporation that have occupied the plant. It is operated and maintained by dedicated Northrop Grumman employees and history-conscious retirees.

If anybody has copies of the plans for the standard reciprocating triple-expansion steam engines used in the Liberty ships and common to just about any reciprocating marine steam engine during the first half of the twentieth century, I expect the Joshua Hendy Ironworks Museum should have it.

Contact information:

JOSHUA HENDY IRONWORKS MUSEUM

  • 401 E. Hendy Ave.
  • Sunnyvale, CA 94086
  • (408) 735-2020
Failing that, you may wish to contact the Sausalito Historical Society, which maintains the Marinship Shipyard Museum on the site of the Bechtel Marinship shipyard which built Liberty ships using Hendy-built engines.

Contact information:

Sausalito Historical Society
Please always call first: Sausalito Civic Center, top floor, 420 Litho St., Sausalito, CA 94965
SHS Marinship Exhibit - US Corp of Engineers, Bay Model
2100 Bridgeway, Army Corps of Engineers Building
Sausalito, CA 94965

Hours open to the public: please call 415-332-3871 for seasonal hours


Also, the Rosie the Riveter WWII Homefront National Historic Park, the site of the huge Kaiser Richmond Shipyard which also consumed vast numbers of Hendy steam engines for Liberty ships.

Contact information:

Rosie the Riveter WWII Homefront National Historic Park (https://www.nps.gov/rori/index.htm)
1414 Harbour Way South, Suite 3000
Richmond, CA 94804

Phone: 510 232-5050


Finally, if all else fails, contact the Maritime Research Center at the San Francisco Maritime National Historic Park, also known as the J. Porter Shaw Library. The drill there is to call first and make an appointment. They will then provide a research librarian who will assist you in locating your desired research materials. This is the premier research facility for West Coast maritime history. (And it's free!) The J. Porter Shaw will certainly have plans for a variety of marine steam engines. it is the repository, among other things, of the archives of the Union Iron Works Shipyard (later Bethlehem Steel Shipyard) and other West Coast marine businesses and they have very a very extensive collection of ships' plans covering the entire period of West Coast shipping history.

Contact information:

Maritime Research Center at San Francisco Maritime National Historical Park

(J.Porter Shaw Library)

2 Marina Blvd., Bldg. E, 3rd Floor
San Francisco, California 94123

Phone: 415-561-7030
Email: gina_bardinps.gov


Of course, last but not least, I would expect that the guys who operate the Jeremiah O'Brien in San Francisco should have a set of their steam plant drawings or certainly know where to find some. Get in touch with them and see if they do.

Contact information:

National Liberty Ship Memorial
45 Pier, Suite 4A
San Francisco, CA 94133


Liberty ship engine specifications and engineering details:


http://shipsproject.org/Liberty70/Liberty70_design_engine.html and


Liberty ship WWII Merchant Marine steam engineer's training manual:

Liberty ship engine elevations:
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Liberty ship steam engine photo:

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Thaks for the opportunity to play "Maritime History Trivial Pursuit!" My interest in steamships came from a father in the steamship business and my (aborted) Merchant Marine "career" as a teenaged engine room "wiper." (A story for another night. :D ) My interest in the Liberty ships arose from my friendship with a professional colleague and sailing buddy who engineered the rescue of the Jeremiah O'Brien from Marad's "mothball fleet." Now, I'm afraid any cross-section model of a reciprocating triple expansion steam engine simply cannot be static. It's going to have to be motorized to show to its best effect, so, knock yourself out building that steam plant cross-section! :D


 
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great post Bob

lets take a look at some of the American Ship building drawings. Back in school learning mechanical drawing there were ways to draw side view, front view, rear view, top and bottom views. isometric view and drawings of parts. Back in the early times were the details a given that is known by the builders so detailed drawings were not necessary?

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Great stuff! At the moment, I am modeling two 8x8 single drum AmShip deck engines; soldered brass, 1:96 scale. Little stuff! I used AmShip drawings of the main deck to size the base plate and the large gear wheel. Then using the photo from the AmShip catalog that you posted earlier I sized the other components. Thanks for making this available.

Roger
 
Great stuff! It's amazing what they were able to pattern and cast back in the day. I'm hard pressed to think of anything comparable these days. I'm not exactly sure why. Perhaps we have better alloys that permit lighter construction. Back then, those humongous pours sure must have been something to watch... from a distance! :D
 
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