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Ventilation of lower decks - solutions / techniques / examples

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The hold and also lower decks had no openings for air circulation or ventilations. Nevertheless the old shipwrights and seamen wered trying in the past with some techniques and solutions to make this situation bearable

We know already the use of gratings and some smaller windows in the gunport lids, but there were other trials and solutions

If you have other examples please post them here!

ventilator.jpg

f.e. Ventilator on the HMS LEOPARD (1790) the installed two Bellows to press fresh air down to the hold



ventilation1.jpg

Ventilation openings (1802)



ventilation3.jpg

Hibernia (1804); Ocean (1805), and all three-decker warships​

No scale. Plan showing a part elevation and section of the framing for all three-decker warships, specifically mentioning Hibernia (1804), and Ocean (1805), both 110-gun First Rate, three-decker. The plan illustrates the ventilation opening between the frames for drawing off 'foul air' from below.



ventilation2.jpg
ventilator
ventilator. There is a letter marked ZAZ6837.1, which can be viewed via the grey toggle to the right of the WHOLE field.
on HMS Asia (1824) but drawing is dated 1847 - so it could be a later installation

 
THere is a paper which can give more detailed answers

“The lungs of a ship”: Ventilation, acclimatization, and labor in the maritime environment, 1740–1800"​

Abstract
This article examines the connection between projects for shipboard ventilation and the shifting medical discourse about acclimatization in the British Empire during the eighteenth century. I argue that the design, use, and disuse of a class of shipboard “ventilators” proposed by natural philosopher Stephen Hales helps us to trace changing ideas about the ability of European bodies to acclimate, or “season,” to tropical environments. These ventilating machines appealed to British administrators because they represented an embodiment of providential and enlightened ideas that validated the expansion of overseas empire. In addition, they promised to increase labor efficiency by reducing the mortality and misery experienced by the sailors and enslaved people during long sea voyages. As skepticism about acclimatization grew in response to stubbornly high mortality rates in the West Indies, Hales’ ventilators fell out of favor – a development underscored by their dismissal as a potential solution for the appalling conditions found in the transatlantic slave trade. By examining ventilators’ nearly fifty-year career in naval and slave ships, this article will show the role of technology and the shipboard environment in the transition from enlightened optimism about acclimatization toward later attitudes of racial and environmental essentialism.

Biographies

Paul E. Sampson is an Assistant Professor of History at the University of Scranton. His research focuses on environmental technologies in the 18th and 19th centuries.


 
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another interesting paper

“The Salvation of the Seamen”Ventilation, Naval Hygiene, and French OverseasExpansion During the Early Modern Period(ca. 1670–1790)▼
Special iSSue article in Pathogenic Environments,
ed. by Paul-Arthur Tortosa & Guillaume Linte▼

abStract
From the 1660s onwards, France tried to establishitself as a leading maritime and colonial power. The first FrenchEast India Company allowed a decisive penetration into the IndianOcean, while the foundation of the Rochefort arsenal was thestarting point of a great shipbuilding effort.The archives of the State Secretariat of the French Navy, ports, andlearned societies, as well as printed scholarly literature, testify toan increasing mobilisation around the health of the “gens de mer.”Most of the actors involved in this reflection, whether doctors orsurgeons, naval officers or engineers, scholars or inventors, agreedin associating seamen's diseases with the poor air quality prevailingwithin ships. The environment of seafarers was thus definitelyregarded as harmful. However, the atmosphere of a ship was alsoseen through the possibility to reshape it and reduce itsdangerousness, with adapted behaviours, careful maintenance, ortechnical solutions. This was crucial to ensure the circulation ofhuman beings and goods across the French overseas empire, butalso to defend it from the threats associated with the majorconflicts of the second half of the 18th century.This article highlights how environments regarded as “pathogenic”were conceived and reshaped during the second half of the earlymodern period in France, using the example of naval hygiene. Itexamines the strategies designed and implemented to combat the“noxious” air of French ships, in particular through the regulations

by Guillaume Linte 0000-0002-0222-0053 • University of Geneva, Switzerland

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Attachments

This is really interesting. I had no idea that there were experiments in ventilation that early. I found the pics and text on the RMG Collections site. It is later in time but maybe of interest.
Allan

Scale: 1:24. Model of a longitudinal midship section of the sloop HMS Nymphe (1866) showing the ventilation system from the bilges and below deck. The model is made of wood and metal. The lower hull is painted a copper colour to indicate sheathing below the waterline while the upperworks are finished in black, the whole of which is divided by a thin white line at the waterline. The hull is pierced with two gunports which are painted white internally and five ventilation ports which are edged in red.Internally the hull is finished in a cream white colour with fittings such as the deck, planking and bulwarks finished in natural varnished wood. The upper deck is complete with four pairs of bow-shackles and four eyebolts, either side of the two gunports. The lower deck is complete with a number of circular deck pillars supporting the deck beams above and a longitudinal box trunking painted grey with two sliding hatches painted black. Running from the keelson through both decks is a hollow metal mast which carries tubes for conveying foul air from the bilges and in between decks to above deck. There is also a large rectangular block representing six boilers, the main body of which is painted a blood red with the furnace face fittings drawn on in ink on paper. Where the hull has been sectioned along the keel and through the frames, the construction details such as the timber and grain has been drawn on by hand. The model is mounted on a polished mahogany baseboard and is supported by two turned wooden pillars at the turn of the bilge. Label reads "HMS Nymphe (half section on a 1/2in scale) Shewing Dr Edmonds system of ventilation, as adopted in that and other vessels 1866".
 
An additional and important source of active ventilation was the ship's oven, drawing air for combustion from the lower deck spaces and emitting it from the cowl on deck. On land, open fires were very good for keeping houses dry by drawing out moist air from cooking, bathing and just breathing and discharging it along with the smoke. This was something a lot of people only realised when they switched to other forms of heating and sealed up the chimneys at home.
 
This is a quote from Vancouver's journal. I'm not sure exactly what they were doing with fires below deck but I thought I'd throw it out here.

Thursday April 21 1791
"the ſtore rooms had been cleared , cleaned , and waſhed with vinegar, and the ſhip had been ſmoked with gunpowder mixed with vinegar .As I had ever conſidered fire the moſt likely and efficaciousmeans to keep up a conſtant circulation of freſh and pure air throughouta fhip ; in the fore part of every day good fires were burning between decks, and in the well. Both decks were kept clean, and as dry as poſſible, and notwith ſtanding the weather was hot, and the ſmoke and heat thence ariſing was conſidered as inconvenient and diſagreeable, yet I was confident that a due attention to this particular, and not waſhing too frequently below , were indiſpenſable precautions, and would be productive of the moſt falubrious and happy effects in preſerving the health and lives of our people . Theſe preventive meaſures becoming the ſtanding orders of the Diſcovery , it will be unneceſſary hereafter to repeat that they were regularly en forced , as they were obſerved throughout the voyage with the ſtricteſt attention . It may not, however , on this ſubject, be improper to remark that if inſtead of biſcuit, ſeamen were provided with freſh ſoft bread , which can eaſily be made very good at ſea, and a large proportion of wholeſome water, where the nature of the ſervices will admit of ſuch a fupply , they would add greatly to the preſervation of that moſt valuable of all bleſſings, health ."
 
There are frequent references in shipbuilding contracts, and some other sources, to 'Mr Sutton's air pipes'. These were fitted in the ship during construction, and were designed to transfer hot air from the ship's ovens to the hold, presumably both to counter damp and to help warm the ship in cold weather. I cannot be certain of the date range of these without looking through some contracts, but they were certainly in use in the early 18th century, and perhaps back into the 17th.

I cannot remember the exact sources, and this era is now beyond my current period of study, so my memory is rusty, but 'Mr Sutton's air pipes' are a definite feature of Royal Navy ships at around the period mentioned above.

Ratty
 
I'm not sure exactly what they were doing with fires below deck but I thought I'd throw it out here.
I could not I find any answers, but here are my own guesses ---- Pest control? Ridding the body stank that had permeated the surroundings below decks? Disease control to kill the spread started by sick sailors kept under the weather decks (thus the phrase under-the-weather) when down with some communicable ailments? Something else altogether?
Allan
 
I found another this time a contemporary publication written by

Nouvelle Methode Pour Pomper Le Mauvais Air Des Vaisseaux...​

Samuel Sutton, Nouvelle méthode pour pomper le mauvais air des vaisseaux, 1749.

Screenshot 2024-08-12 143713.png

translated somehow as:

New method to pump bad air from vessels​

By Samuel Sutton dated 1749


at the end of the long french text some drawings are attached, but the copied them not correctly


found via
 
another interesting development

An engraving depicting Stephen Hales' ventilators -​

Top: a ship's ventilator as used by the British Navy - complete and sectional views.​

Centre: a ventilator used in old Newgate Jail.​

Bottom: a windmill which powered the Negate ventilator. Stephen Hales (1677-1761) an English clergyman who made significant contributions to a range of scientific fields including botany, atmospheric chemistry and physiology. Dated 18th century​

Captions are provided by our contributors.

1723466627449.png


translated by google from the orginal german text:

"The ship's lungs": Stephen Hales invention of a fan for ventilating ships and other rooms
April 9, 2021 Edith Völker
The good and regular ventilation of buildings and public transport to prevent the spread of disease became an omnipresent topic again with the emergence of Covid-19. Stephen Hales (1677-1761) published his work A Description of Ventilators in 1743, in which he presented the invention of a fan for ventilating mines, prisons, hospitals, penitentiaries and ships.

Hales dedicated his work to sailors who were confronted with infectious diseases typical of the sea during long sea voyages:

As Sea-farers, that Valuable and Useful Part of Mankind, have many Hardships and Difficulties to contend with, so it is of great Importance to obviate as many of them as possible: And as the noxious Air in Ships has hitherto been one of their greatest Grievances, by making sick and destroying multitudes of them.

Hales 1743, V
The occurrence of infectious diseases on long sea voyages led to great human and financial losses for merchant and warships in the 18th century. Scientists and doctors increasingly attributed the causes of such diseases to the poor air below deck, even if they were not yet able to provide a relevant explanation for its occurrence. The ships were often overcrowded and the rooms below deck could only be poorly ventilated through a few hatches. In bad weather conditions or high seas, the hatches often had to remain closed. In addition, with the construction of larger ships with multiple decks, this ventilation method became increasingly ineffective (Zuckermann 1976-1977, 228).

Chemically cleaning the air by burning juniper or sulfur or sprinkling the rooms with vinegar brought little improvement. This prompted Stephen Hales to look for another solution to the problem at about the same time as Samuel Sutton. Stephen Hales described a fan that worked like the bellows of an organ. In two boxes there was a plate that could be moved up and down and created an air stream that could pump air in and out of the rooms below deck via tubes.

Screenshot 2024-08-12 144526.png

Fig. 1: Fan by Stephen Hales (Hales 1743)
The disadvantage of this invention was that the fan took up additional space on the ship - where space was already limited - and had to be regularly kept running by two men.

In 1743, the doctor Richard Mead (1673-1754) recommended the ventilation system developed by Samuel Sutton to the Royal Navy, which did not require direct human labor and required less space. Sutton had observed that a draft was created in enclosed spaces if two of three fireplaces were heated with fire. He developed a ventilation system that worked using a space-saving system of pipes and the fire in the ship's galley. The disadvantage of this design was that it often could not be used in high seas and bad weather because the fire in the galley had to be extinguished (Schadewaldt 1968, 14-15).

Stephen Hale's ventilator was initially used on merchant ships and after it was proven that the good ventilation of the decks meant that far fewer people fell ill on long sea voyages, it was also tested on warships. In 1756, the ventilator was used on the largest ship in the Royal Navy and after 850 people survived the voyage in good health, it was decided to install a ventilator for the entire fleet (Hales 1758, 96-97).

Literature:

Ellis, F. P. (1948): Victuals and Ventilation and the Health and Efficiency of Seamen. British Journal of Industrial Medicine , Oct., 1948, Vol. 5, No. 4 (Oct., 1948), 185-197.

Schadewaldt, H. (1968): On the history of traffic medicine with particular reference to maritime medicine. In: H. Wagner and K. J. Wagner (eds.): Handbook of traffic medicine. Berlin: Springer Verlag.

Zuckermann, A. (1976-1977): Scurvy and the Ventilation of Ships in the Royal Navy: Samuel Sutton’s Contribution. Eighteenth-Century Studies, Winter, 1976-1977, Vol. 10, No. 2 (Winter, 1976-1977), 222-234.




«The ship’s lungs»: Stephen Hales Erfindung eines Ventilators zur Belüftung von Schiffen und anderen Räumen​

9. April 2021 Edith Völker
Die gute und regelmässige Belüftung von Gebäuden und öffentlichen Verkehrsmitteln, um die Ausbreitung von Krankheiten zu verhindern, wurde mit dem Auftreten von Covid-19 wieder zu einem allgegenwärtigen Thema. Stephen Hales (1677-1761) veröffentlichte 1743 sein Werk A Description of Ventilators, in dem er die Erfindung eines Ventilators zur Belüftung von Bergwerken, Gefängnissen, Krankenhäusern, Zuchthäusern und Schiffen vorstellte.
Hales widmete seine Schrift den Seefahrern, die bei langdauernden Seereisen mit seetypischen Infektionskrankheiten konfrontiert waren:
As Sea-farers, that Valuable and Useful Part of Mankind, have many Hardships and Difficulties to contend with, so it is of great Importance to obviate as many of them as possible: And as the noxious Air in Ships has hitherto been one of their greatest Grievances, by making sick and destroying multitudes of them.
Hales 1743, V
Das Auftreten von Infektionskrankheiten auf langen Seereisen führte bei Handels- und Kriegsschiffen im 18. Jahrhundert zu grossen menschlichen und finanziellen Verlusten. Wissenschaftler und Ärzte führten die Ursachen für solche Krankheiten zunehmend auf die schlechte Luft unter Deck zurück, auch wenn sie für deren Auftreten noch keine einschlägige Erklärung erbringen konnten. Die Schiffe waren oft überfüllt und die Räume unter Deck konnten über wenige Luken nur schlecht belüftet werden. Bei schlechten Wetterverhältnissen oder hohem Seegang mussten die Luken häufig geschlossen bleiben. Hinzu kam, dass mit dem Bau von grösseren Schiffen mit mehreren Decks diese Belüftungsmethode zunehmend wirkungslos blieb (Zuckermann 1976-1977, 228).
Eine chemische Reinigung der Luft durch das Verbrennen von Wacholder oder Schwefel oder das Besprengen der Räume mit Essig brachten kaum Besserung. Das veranlasste Stephen Hales etwa zur gleichen Zeit wie Samuel Sutton nach einer weiteren Lösung für das Problem zu suchen. Stephen Hales beschrieb einen Ventilator, der wie ein Blasebalg einer Orgel funktionierte. In zwei Kästen befand sich je eine Platte, die auf und ab bewegt werden konnte und einen Luftstrom erzeugte, mit dem Luft über Röhren aus den Räumen unter Deck heraus- und hineingepumpt werden konnte.

StephenHalesBlog.jpg


Abb. 1: Ventilator von Stephen Hales (Hales 1743)

Der Nachteil dieser Erfindung war, dass der Ventilator auf dem Schiff – wo der Platz schon an sich begrenzt war – zusätzlichen Raum beanspruchte und regelmässig durch zwei Männer in Gang gehalten werden musste.
Der Arzt Richard Mead (1673-1754) empfahl 1743 der Royal Navy das von Samuel Sutton entwickelte Belüftungssystem, das ohne direkte menschliche Arbeitskraft auskam und weniger Platz erforderte. Sutton hatte beobachtet, dass in geschlossenen Räumen ein Luftzug zustande kam, wenn bei drei Kaminen zwei mit Feuer beheizt wurden. Er entwickelte eine Lüftung, die mittels eines platzsparenden Röhrensystems und dem Feuer in der Schiffskombüse funktionierte. Der Nachteil dieser Konstruktion war, dass sie bei hohem Seegang und schlechtem Wetter oft nicht genutzt werden konnte, weil das Feuer in der Kombüse gelöscht werden musste (Schadewaldt 1968, 14-15).
Stephen Hales Ventilator kam vorerst auf Handelsschiffen zum Einsatz und nachdem sich nachweisen liess, dass durch die gute Belüftung der Decks viel weniger Personen auf langen Seereisen erkrankten, wurde er auch auf Kriegsschiffen getestet. 1756 kam der Ventilator auf dem grössten Schiff der Royal Navy zum Einsatz und nachdem 850 Personen die Reise gesund überstanden, wurde für die ganze Flotte der Einbau eines Ventilators beschlossen (Hales 1758, 96-97).
Literatur:
Ellis, F. P. (1948): Victuals and Ventilation and the Health and Efficiency of Seamen. British Journal of Industrial Medicine , Oct., 1948, Vol. 5, No. 4 (Oct., 1948), 185-197.
Schadewaldt, H. (1968): Zur Geschichte der Verkehrsmedizin unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Schiffahrtsmedizin. In: H. Wagner und K. J. Wagner (Hg.): Handbuch der Verkehrsmedizin. Berlin: Springer Verlag.
Zuckermann, A. (1976-1977): Scurvy and the Ventilation of Ships in the Royal Navy: Samuel Sutton’s Contribution. Eighteenth-Century Studies, Winter, 1976-1977, Vol. 10, No. 2 (Winter, 1976-1977), 222-234.

 
Stephen Hales (1677-1761)

A description of ventilators : whereby great quantities of fresh air may with ease be conveyed into mines, gaols, hospitals, work-houses and ships, in exchange for their noxious air ... ; v. 1-2 / Stephen Hales 1743-58​

20.5 x 4.5 cm (book measurement (inventory)) | RCIN 1090221


  • Description

    Stephen Hales was a clergyman, naturalist and inventor active in the early eighteenth century. Hales was interested in pneumatics and spent much time studying the chemistry of the air, the movement of water in plants, breathing and blood circulation. He was the first scientist to measure blood pressure.
    This work contains his investigations into ventilation. As with many of the period, Hales believed that ‘bad air’ was a major cause of disease and developed a system by which fresh air could be circulated in cramped and enclosed spaces. Hales’s solution was the invention of a ventilator, essentially a set of large bellows operated by hand or by wind power that could be installed in buildings or on ships to move the air around. The ventilators were successful and reduced diseases when they were used. They also had other practical applications such as being used on the lower decks of ships to prevent dry rot and to preserve food and dry grain.

    Provenance​


    From the library of George III at Windsor







 

Stephen Hales (17 September 1677 – 4 January 1761)​

was an English clergyman who made major contributions to a range of scientific fields including botany, pneumatic chemistry and physiology. He was the first person to measure blood pressure. He also invented several devices, including a ventilator, a pneumatic trough and a surgical forceps for the removal of bladder stones. In addition to these achievements, he was a philanthropist and wrote a popular tract on alcoholic intemperance.

Inventions and other work​


Bad air was thought to be a cause of ill-health and death in the 18th century. Death and disease were common in overcrowded ships and prisons. Hales was one of several people in the early 18th century (other notable inventors being John Theophilus Desaguliers, Mårten Triewald and Samuel Sutton) who developed forms of ventilators to improve air quality.[2] Hales' ventilators were large bellows, usually worked by hand, although larger versions were powered by windmills.[3] They were widely installed in ships, prisons and mines and were successful in reducing disease,[2] and aerating the lower decks of Royal Navy vessels to combat dry rot in the hulls.[26] Hales' ventilators were also used in preserving foods and drying grain.

Hales also experimented with ways of distilling fresh water from sea water; preserving water and meat on sea-voyages; measuring depths at sea; measuring high temperatures; and wrote on a range of subjects including earthquakes; methods of preventing the spread of fires; and comparative mortality rates in relationship to rural and urban parishes.


Image of a Ventilation Bellows devised by Stephen Hales


Description du ventilateur (French edition of Description of ventilators), 1744


 
There was also the possibility to install windsails

from Jean Boudriot 74-gunship

windsail.jpg

shown also at a contemporary model of the La Renommée, frégate de 18, 1806, Musee de la Marine in Paris,

windsail1.jpg

windsail2.jpg

unfortunately the link to the museum is in moment not working

You have to search for "Maquette de bateau renommee"
 
and also the spanish and portuguese

fragata D. Fernando II e Glória

DSC05629.JPG

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DSC05631.JPG

frigate ulysis.jpg

DSC05632.JPG

photos made by our member @Dicas


DSC05634.JPG

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DSC05636.JPG

 
Windsails were also used for mining in the Victorian Goldfields


and also models were made for museum

 
RE: fires below decks by Vancouver, hot air rises so it would pull some of the below decks funk up and out with it through any available hole, chink, hawse pipe or chimney. and create some circulation at least. The vinegar rub down probably didn't hurt either. And an off-topic thank you to rfuh47- what little Russian I knew has faded into oblivion, but it was fun to see all those "tvordy znakhs", the "parasite letters" purged by the Bolsheviks! 1723511013951.png

Only if you are interested in the tangent and my poor explanation-
(In a nutshell, Russian print would have either a "soft sign" at the end of a word, which would affect pronunciation, or a "hard sign" that would not. To modernize, the Bolsheviks eliminated the hard signs. War and Peace was a considerable number of pages shorter afterwards. Apologies to any Russian speakers...)
 
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