I began with a look at Richard Endsor’s excellent book on the reconstruction of the third-rate Anne of 1678:
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Within, there are contract specifications for the Yarmouth of 1677. While there is some general mention of the paint and gilt work to be done, there are no specifics mentioned.
Interestingly, Richard draws a cutaway of the ship where only the weather deck bulwarks are painted red, as suggested by Nigel:
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Why, then, do most contemporary dockyard models show the interior of port lids painted a bright red? Wouldn’t that also presume that the interior planking is painted red to match?
Well, next, I looked at Frank Fox’s hugely important book “Great Ships..”
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Note the red port lids on the frontispiece, a Van de Velde portrait showing the HMS Prince. Inside, are pictures of the Science Museum model of the Prince:
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What I found really interesting, here, is that only the lid interiors, here, are painted red, but not the port framing, itself.
Although, as modelers we tend to presume that the interior bulwarks are painted this bright red (myself included), perhaps this is not so. Perhaps the lid interiors were painted such, so as to provide a striking backdrop to whatever port ornaments were painted or affixed to them.
Perhaps, the red is a color-code psyche-out toward the enemy as the ships prepare to engage; a reminder that all of these guns are about to extract a huge price in blood.
I can’t say for certain. I did find a few interesting discussions on the subject, both here and on MSW:
Good afternoon, beautiful day in Florida today. I am getting ready to start the Occre Albatross and looking at all the pictures of this ship i have decided that I would like the bulwarks painted dark green. Would this be a no no ? Would this take a mid 1800 ship out of that time period? This...
shipsofscale.com
Does anyone know when the practice of painting bulwarks red began? Would it be appropriate for ships during the Armada? Kurt
modelshipworld.com
There is a particularly interesting discussion of the cheap to produce and readily available “Spanish Brown.”
All of this considered, I don’t think one can go too far wrong by painting a lime, whitewash to their bulwark interiors, even if your port lid interiors are painted red.
From a practical standpoint, it makes considerable sense to use a light color that is reflective in a dark dingy environment. That this lime wash has some value as an anti-microbial surface also supports its use, although I’d have to wonder whether that was common knowledge in the 17th C. Chief among all considerations is that whitewash would have been very cheap.